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Anatomy and physiology > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What is a muscle?

A

pieces of soft tissue throughout the human body

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2
Q

What is the dominant tissue throughout the heart and walls of other hollow organs?

A

muscle

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3
Q

What moves and supports body organs?

A

muscle

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4
Q

How much of the body mass does muscle form?

A

nearly half

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5
Q

How many muscles are there in the human body?

A

over 600

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6
Q

what are the four properties of muscle?

A

excitability
contractility
elasticity
extensibility

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7
Q

What is electrical excitability?

A

The ability to respond to stimuli from neurotransmitters

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8
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

chemicals by which neurons translate

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9
Q

What can stimulation from neurotransmitters to muscles eclicit?

A

an action potential or nerve impulse

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10
Q

What is contractibility?

A

The ability of a muscle to shorten in response to an action potential

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11
Q

What is extensibility?

A

The ability of a muscle to stretch without injury

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12
Q

What is elasticity?

A

The ability of a muscle to recover its original shape after contracting or extending

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13
Q

What are the 7 functions of the muscular system?

A
  1. body movements
  2. stabilizing joints
  3. maintaining body posture
  4. storing substances
  5. movement of substances
  6. thermogenesis
  7. communication
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14
Q

What is thermogenesis?

A

The production of heat as a by-product of contraction

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15
Q

How does the muscular system allow body movements?

A

by contracting and releasing around joints

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16
Q

What substances does the muscle move around the body? name 3

A
  1. blood
  2. air
  3. food
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17
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A
  1. cardiac muscle
  2. Skeletal muscle
  3. smooth muscle
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18
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

only in the heart

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19
Q

What forms the bulk of the heart wall (myocardium)?

A

cardiac muscle

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20
Q

What does the cardiac muscle do?

A

contracts rhythmically and continuously to provide the pumping action necessary for life

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21
Q

What other muscle type is cardiac muscle similar to in structure?

A

skeletal muscle

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22
Q

What are the two names for a cardiac muscle cell?

A
  1. cardiac muscle fibre
  2. cardiomyocyte
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23
Q

What is the structure of cardiac muscle?

A

does not taper but forms intercalated discs

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24
Q

What is a syncytium?

A

a unit of combined cardiac muscle cells

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25
Q

What kind of mitochondria does cardiac muscle have? why?

A

large mitochondria for a constant supply of energy

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26
Q

What are smooth muscles?

A

unstriated involuntary muscles found in internal organs

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27
Q

Where are smooth muscles found? (3)

A

internal organs
blood vessels
the intrinsic muscle of the eye

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28
Q

What do smooth muscles enable? give an example

A

involuntary visceral contraction such as vasoconstriction

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29
Q

Do smooth muscles have striations or T-tubules?

A

no

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30
Q

How are smooth muscles organised?

A

loosely in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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31
Q

How are the thick and thin filaments in smooth muscle arranged? what happens when they contract?

A

they are arranged differently and when contracted pull the cell into a ball

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32
Q

which muscle cells can be single unit or multi unit?

A

smooth muscle cells

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33
Q

How do single-unit muscle cells contract?

A

as one unit

34
Q

How do multi unit muscle cells contract?

A

they contract on the cell stimulated

35
Q

Where are single unit muscle cells found?

A

on the walls of hollow organs

36
Q

Are single or multi unit muscle cells more common?

A

single unit muscle cells are more common

37
Q

Where are multi unit muscle cells found? (3)

A

around large blood vessels, in the respiratory airways and in the eyes

38
Q

In the structure of a skeletal muscle, what is the endomysium?

A

a thin layer of delicate connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fiber

39
Q

In the structure of a skeletal muscle, what is the perimysium?

A

a layer of collagenous connective tissue that separates the muscle tissue into bundles (fascicles)

40
Q

In skeletal muscle structure, what is a fascicle?

A

a bundle of skeletal muscle fibers

41
Q

In skeletal muscle structure, what is the epimysium?

A

a dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle

42
Q

Where does the tendon anchor the bone to the muscle?

A

at the epimysium

43
Q

Instead of a tendon, what else can anchor muscle to bone?

A

the aponeurosis

44
Q

What is the aponeurosis?

A

a flat sheet of connective tissue that can connect muscle to bone

45
Q

what are the three general functions of skeletal muscle tissue?

A
  1. movement
  2. Heat production
  3. posture
46
Q

What are the three main characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue?

A
  1. excitability or irritability
  2. Contractability
  3. Extensibility
47
Q

What is excitability or irritability in skeletal muscle tissue?

A

the ability to respond to stimulus

48
Q

What is contractibility in skeletal muscle tissue?

A

the ability to shorten in length

49
Q

What is extensibility in skeletal muscle tissue?

A

the ability to extend in length

50
Q

A skeletal muscle cell is an individual _______

A

fibre

51
Q

Each muscle fibre is composed of several hundred to several thousand _________

A

myofibrils

52
Q

What are myofibrils in skeletal muscle cells?

A

a contractile structure within a muscle fibre containing protein filaments called thick and thin myofilaments

53
Q

What do myofilaments do in skeletal muscle cells?

A

they slide against each other when the muscle contracts

54
Q

What is the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle cells?

A

the tubular sheath that encases each muscle fibre, it is plasma membrane or wall

55
Q

What is the sarcoplasm of a skeletal muscle cell?

A

the cytoplasm

56
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell

57
Q

What are transverse tubules in skeletal muscle cells?

A

the entry point for action potential into the muscle cell

58
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle cells?

A

a network of tubules and sacs involved in the storage of calcium

59
Q

what are the 7 general skeletal muscle shapes?

A
  1. parallel muscles
  2. Convergent muscles
  3. Unipennate
  4. bipennate
  5. multipennate
  6. Fusiform muscles
  7. Circular muscles
60
Q

What are the 3 subcategories of pennate muscles?

A
  1. unipennate
  2. bipennate
  3. multipennate
61
Q

Describe the shape of parallel skeletal muscles. Give an example.

A

Long, strap like muscles such as the sartorius muscle (runs from thigh to knee)

62
Q

Describe the shape of convergent skeletal muscles. Give an example.

A

fanning fibres from a narrow to a wider point, such as the pectoralis.

63
Q

Describe the shape of pennate skeletal muscles. Give an example.

A

featherlike in appearance, eg rectus femoris

64
Q

Describe the shape of fusiform skeletal muscles. Give an example.

A

have fibres that are parallel in the centre but taper on the ends to form one or two tendons. strap like. Such as biceps brachii.

65
Q

Describe the shape of circular skeletal muscles. Give an example.

A

circular in shape. Also known as sphincters such as the orbicularis oris (around the mouth).

66
Q

what is the origin of a muscle?

A

the point of attachment which does not move when the muscle contracts

67
Q

what is the insertion of a muscle?

A

the point of attachment that moves when contracts

68
Q

what is the prime mover of muscles?

A

the muscle that directly performs movement

69
Q

What is the other name of prime movers?

A

agonists

70
Q

What is the antagonist in mucles?

A

the muscle that does the direct opposite of the agonist, relaxes to allow movement

71
Q

What are the syngergists in muscles?

A

muscles that contract at the same time as the prime mover

72
Q

what are fixators in muscles?

A

the muscles that stabilize the joint

73
Q

Describe the structure of fibers in skeletal muscle?

A

striated, tubular and multi nucleated

74
Q

Are skeletal muscles voluntary?

A

yes

75
Q

Where are skeletal muscles usually attached in the body?

A

the skeleton

76
Q

describe the structure of fibers in smooth muscle.

A

non-striated, spindle-shaped and uni(one)nucleated

77
Q

Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary

78
Q

where is smooth muscle usually located in the body?

A

covering walls of internal organs

79
Q

Describe the structure of fibres in cardiac muscle?

A

striated, branched and uni nucleated

80
Q

are cardiac muscles voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary

81
Q

Where are cardiac muscles found in the body?

A

only covering the walls of the heart

Anatomy and physiology (9 decks)

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