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Anatomy and physiology > digestive system > Flashcards

digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

food is essential for _____

A

life

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2
Q

what is digestion?

A

the process of breaking down larger food molecules into molecules which are small enough for use of body cells

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3
Q

what are the 5 steps of the digestive process?

A
  1. ingestion
  2. movement of food
  3. digestion
  4. absorbtion
  5. defecation
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4
Q

what is ingestion in the digestive process?

A

easting, taking in food

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5
Q

what is movement in the digestive process?

A

the movement of food along the gastrointestinal tract

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6
Q

what are digestions in the digestive process?

A

chemical and mechanical processes involved in the breakdown of food

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7
Q

What is absorption in the digestive process?

A

the absorption of nutrients and energy into the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems to be redistributed to other cells​

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8
Q

What is defecation in the digestive process?

A

Elimination of indigestible substances​

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9
Q

What is chewing called?

A

mastication

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10
Q

Where is saliva produced and why?

A

in glands in the mouth to aid the breakdown of food into a small mass called a bolus

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11
Q

Where does the tongue direct the bolus?

A

to the back of the mouth

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12
Q

what does the epiglottis do?

A

moves to cover the windpipe to ensure the bolus goes down the oesophagus

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13
Q

What are peristaltic waves? what do they do?

A

Involuntary muscle contractions that move the bolus down the oesophagus into the stomach​
​

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14
Q

what letter is the stomach shaped like?

A

J

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15
Q

what is the stomach located under?

A

the diaphragm and liver

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16
Q

what is the main function of the stomach?

A

breaking down food into chyme

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17
Q

what is chyme?

A

semi fluid pulp

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18
Q

Why does the stomach act as a storage area for food?

A

because we eat food quicker than the digestive system can break it down

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19
Q

how many litres of chyme can the stomach hold and for how long?

A

4 litres of chyme for 2-4 hours

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20
Q

what is the role of the submucosa in the stomach?

A

to protect the rest of the body from harmful acids

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21
Q

what is chemical digestion?

A

Chemical digestion is a biochemical process that uses enzymes and water to break down complex molecules

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22
Q

what does the liver produce in chemical digestion? what does it do?

A

bile, helps break down fat

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23
Q

what does the pancreas produce in chemical digestion, what does it do?

A

digestive enzymes that help break down food further into really small molecules for absorption

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24
Q

What does the stomach lining produce? (1) what does this do? (2)

A

mucus, protects from acid, lubricates stomach,

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25
Q

different _________ break down different ________.

A

enzymes
foods

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26
Q

What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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27
Q

how long is the small intestine?

A

6m long

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28
Q

what is the longest and most convoluted part of the alimentary canal?

A

the small intestine

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29
Q

What part of the small intestine receives the digested food from the stomach?

A

the duodenum

30
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A

the continuous tube from mouth to anus

31
Q

what are villi?

A

small finger like projections that line the small intestine wall

32
Q

what do villi do?

A

they increase the surface area of the small intestine wall to maximise the rate of absorption
of digested food

33
Q

digested nutrients are passed into the individual _______.

A

villus

34
Q

what do microvilli cover? what does this do?

A

the wall of the villi, increasing the surface area

35
Q

The villi have their own ______ ________, making it more ___________ to absorb __________ into the ________ _______.

A

blood supply
effective
nutrients
blood stream

36
Q

Where does the large intestine receive digested food from?

A

the small intestine

37
Q

what are the four sections of the large intestine (or colon) ?

A

1.ascending,
2.transverse,
3.descending
4. sigmoid

38
Q

what are the two functions of the large intestine?

A

to form faeces
to absorb water

39
Q

what does water absorption in the large intestine (or colon) do?

A

helps move the faeces through and avoid constipation

40
Q

which are of the large intestine leads to the rectum and anus?

A

the sigmoid

41
Q

What three organs help with digestion?

A

liver
gallbladder
pancreas

42
Q

the liver produces ______ which helps with _____________

A

bile
metabolism

43
Q

what is metabolism in the digestive system?

A

breaking down fats

44
Q

how does the gallbladder help digestion?

A

by storing and releasing bile

45
Q

How does the pancreas help with digestion?

A

it produces enzymes and regulated blood sugars

46
Q

Enzymes are _________ which speed up a _________ reaction without being changed by that _________

A

protein
chemical
reaction

47
Q

Where are most enzymes made?

A

in the pancreas

48
Q

what does the enzyme amylase break down?

A

complex carbs

49
Q

what does the enzyme lipase break down?

A

fats

50
Q

what does the enzyme protease break down?

A

protein

51
Q

What does the enzyme lactase break down?

A

lactose

52
Q

what does the enzyme sucrase break down?

A

sucrose

53
Q

what does the hormone gastrin do?

A

stimulate the release of gastric acids

54
Q

where is the hormone gastrin produced?

A

in the stomach

55
Q

what do gastric acids do?

A

help to break down proteins

56
Q

What does the hormone secretin do?

A

prompts the pancreas to release bicarbonate

57
Q

what does bicarbonate do?

A

neutralise stomach acid as it reaches the small intestine

58
Q

where is the hormone secretin released?

A

in the small intestine

59
Q

What does the hormone Ghrelin do?

A

stimulate appetite

60
Q

what is the hormone ghrelin released by?

A

the stomach

61
Q

What does the hormone cholecystokinin do?

A

aid digestion and reduce appetite

62
Q

where is the hormone cholecystokinin released?

A

in the small intestine

63
Q

what are the 4 common digestive diseases/problems?

A

ageing
cancers
diverticulitis
Crohn’s disease

64
Q

when we age, in our digestive system there is _________ ________ ___________ which decreases _________ of digestive muscles. This causes changes in ________________ feedback. There is increased _____ of other diseases.

A

decreased secretory mechanism
motility
neurosensory
risk

65
Q

what is motility in the digestive system?

A

the contraction and stretching of muscles in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that move food through the body.

66
Q

what are the two cancers of the digestive system?

A

colon and bowel

67
Q

What does diverticulitis affect? what does this cause?

A

the diverticular in the large intestine
causes pain, bloating, constipation or diarrhoea

68
Q

What is the diverticular in the large intestine?

A

the small pouches or sacks that form it

69
Q

What type of disease is Crohn’s disease?

A

a type of inflammatory bowel disease

70
Q

what happens in Crohn’s disease?

A

parts of the digestive system become inflames and in some cases ulcerated

71
Q

Crohn’s disease can be very ________. Cause abdominal ______ and _________, blood in the _______, weight ____ and __________. ​

A

painful
pains
cramps
feaces
loss
tiredness

Anatomy and physiology (18 decks)

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