Bones terminology Flashcards
1
Q
What is the skeletal system?
A
the basic framework of the body and the joints between them
2
Q
What is spongy bone? What does it provide?
A
a central honeycomb network that provides strength without adding excess weight
3
Q
What is the layer of denser bone surrounding spongy bone called?
A
compact bone
4
Q
What are the units that make up compact bone called?
A
Osteons
5
Q
What do osteons consist of?
A
a central canal surrounded by closely packed layers called lamelle
6
Q
what do the osteonic canals house?
A
blood vessels and nerves
7
Q
What is the periosteum?
A
a thin membrane that protects the bone and houses the nerves and blood vessels responsible for detecting pain and supplying the bone with nutrients
8
Q
What is the epiphyses?
A
The bone heads - distal or proximal ends of the bone
9
Q
What is the diaphysis?
A
the bones shaft or midsection
10
Q
What is the metaphyses?
A
regions in mature bone where the epiphyses (ends) joins the diaphysis (middle/shaft)
11
Q
In growing bones, what does the metaphyses include?
A
an epiphyseal plate - a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the bone to grow
12
Q
What is articular cartilage?
A
a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphyses (ends of bone)
13
Q
What does the periosteum do?
A
enables the bone to grow in diameter and protects the bone
14
Q
What is the medullary cavity?
A
the space that contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults
15
Q
What is the endosteum?
A
a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity
16
Q
Are bones living cells?
A
yes
17
Q
Why would you consider bone tissue extremely dynamic?
A
because it undergoes constant structural change
18
Q
What kind of tissue is bone?
A
a connective tissue that has been mineralised, mainly by calcium salts
19
Q
What kind of fibres are bones comprised of? What are the fibres suspended in?
A
a network of protein fibres (mainly collagen) suspended in inert salts (mainly calcium)
20
Q
What qualities do collagen fibres give bones?
A
resilience and elasticity
21
Q
What qualities do the salts provide bones?
A
hardness and strength
22
Q
What are the two forerunners of bone in the embryo?
A
- cartilage
- membrane of fibrous tissue
23
Q
What are limb bones formed out of in the embryo?
A
cartilage
24
Q
what is the process by which bone forms in the body called?
A
Ossification
25
What are the three important periods of bone development?
1. the formative period
2. the growth period
3. the consolidation period
26
When does the formative period happen in bone formation?
from the 5th - 12th week of intra-uterine life
27
In which period of bone development do nearly all primary centers of ossification appear?
the formative period
28
When does the growth period of bone development happen?
from the ?12th week of intrauterine life until pubity
29
In which period of bone development do all secondary growth centers appear?
the growth period
30
When does the consolidation period occur in bone formation?
from puberty to the attainment of adult stature 14th - 25th year
31
What are the two ossification (bone formation) methods?
1. intramembranous ossification
2. Endochondral ossification
32
What are the four types of cells present in bone?
1. Osteagenic cells
2. Osteoblasts
3. Osteocytes
4. Osteoclasts
33
What are Osetogenic cells?
Unspecialised stem cells
34
What are Osteoblasts?
Bone building cells
35
What are Osteocytes?
Mature bone cells - the main cells in the bone tissue
36
What are Osetoclasts?
Cells that breakdown the bone matrix
37
Where do Osteogenic cells derive from?
The tissue from which all connective tissues are formed (mesenchyme)
38
What do osteoblasts do?
form collagen and deposit calcium to build, maintain and repair bone
39
What do Osteocytes do?
they maintain the daily metabolism of the bone
40
What do Osteoclasts do?
breakdown the collagen of the bones and release calcium into the blood
41
What is the breaking down of the bone matrix referred to as?
resorption
42
What is the purpose of resorption?
to help growth, maintenance and repair of the bone
43
Are bones completely solid? why?
no they have spaces to provide channels for blood vessels, this makes the bones lighter
44
What does the architecture of bones indicate?
function
45
What are the two categories for bone regions?
1. spongy/cancellous
2. Compact/dense
46
What does spongy bone tissue provide?
some support and a storage area for marrow
47
Where in the bone do you find spongy bone tissue arranged?
arranged along lines of force transmission
48
what does compact bone tissue provide?
protection and a considerable amount of support
49
Where in the bone do you find dense bone tissue?
most commonly concentrtaed near the middle of the bone shaft and in areas prone to fracture
50
How many bones are in the human skeleton at birth?
270
51
How many bones are in the human skeleton in adults?
206
52
Where do the bones of the skeleton connect?
at the joints
53
What do the bones of the skeleton store?
Calcium
54
What 4 substances form in the bone marrow?
1. red blood cells
2. certain white blood cells
3. stem cells
4. blood platelets
55
The skeleton is the _________ on which the body is constructed
framework
56
Bones work with ________ to produce movement at the joints.
muscles
57
What are the 8 carpal bones in the hand?
1. scaphoid
2. Lunate
3. Triquetrum
4. pisiform
5. trapezium
6. Trapezoid
7.Capitate
8. Hamate
58
How does the skeletal system support the body?
It supports the soft tissues of the body so that the form of the body and erect posture can be maintained
59
what does the skeletal system protect in the body?
It protects delicate structures such as the brain, spinal cord, lungs, heart and major blood vessels in the thoracic cavity
60
What is attached to bone?
muscle
61
How to the muscles act like levers to bone?
the muscles contract the bones which produce movement
62
What is stored in the bones?
mineral salts, especially calcium, phosphorus and fat
63
What is hemopoiesis?
the production of blood cells in the red marrow of the bones
64
Where are the axial bones located?
in the centre of the body
65
What is the purpose of the axial bones?
they form part of the walls of the body cavities, protecting them
66
where are the appendicular bones located?
towards the outside of the body, they are the limbs
67
What is the purpose of the appendicular bones?
they are for movement
68
What is the longest and strongest bone?
thighbone
69
List the 7 the axial bones.
skull
mandible
vertebrae,
Ribs
Sternum
sacrum
coccyx
70
List the locations of appendicular bones.
arms and legs including bones of pelvic girdle
71
what type of bones are the major bones in the arms and legs?
Long
72
Describe a long bone.
a shaft with two extremities
73
Describe a short bone.
same dimension in all directions.
74
What type of bones are the carpals?
short bones
75
What does the shape of a bone reflect?
mechanical function
76
What type of bone is a scapula?
a flat bone
77
What is the purpose of a flat bone?
protection and some blood cell manufacture
78
describe an irregular bone.
a complex structure that does not fit into any other classification
79
what is the purpose of irregular bones?
withstand high compressive forces
80
what type of bone is the pelvic girdle?
irregular bone
81
What are sesamoid bones?
bones found in tendons
82
What do sesamoid bones do?
help joint movement
83
Give an example of a sesamoid bone? where is it located?
Patella, that lies within quadrecep tendons
84
What are skeletal landmarks?
the structural features of the surface of bones that reveal function
85
Bones that have large, rounded ends indicate what?
that they may bear a great deal of weight
86
What is the name of the skeletal landmark that receives the rounded end of a joint?
a fossa
87
What are rough areas of a bone an indication of?
the area where a muscle, tendon or ligament attaches
88
What do grooves in the surfaces of bones provide?
the passage of blood vessels
89
Why do openings occur in the bone?
to allow for blood vessels and nerves to pass through the bone
90
Define the term articulating surface.
The part of the bone that enters into the formation of a joint
91
Define the term articulation.
A joint between two or more bones.
92
Define the term bony sinus.
A hollow cavity within a bone
93
Define the term border.
A ridge of bone separating two surfaces.
94
Define the term condoyle.
A smooth rounded projection of bone that forms part of a joint. It fits into a fossa on another bone for articulation.
95
Define the term facet.
a small, generally flat, articulating surface.
96
Define the term fissure (or cleft).
A narrow slit.
97
Define the term foramen.
A hole in a structure
98
Define the term fossa.
A hollow or depression
99
Define the term meatus.
A tube shaped cavity within a bone, such as the inner ear.
100
Define the term septum.
A partition separating two cavities, such as in the nose.
101
Define the term spine, spinous process or crest.
A sharp ridge of a bone, such as the ilium.
102
Define the term styloid process.
A sharp, downward projection of bone that gives attachment to muscles and ligaments.
103
Define the term suture.
An immovable joint, such as between the bones of the skull.
104
Define the term trochanter, tuberosity or tubercle.
Rounded bony projections, usually for attachment of muscles or ligaments. The different names are used according to the size of the projection.
105
Put tuberosity, tubercle and trochanter in size order from largest to smallest.
1. Trochanter (largest)
2. tuberosity
3. tubercle (smallest)
106
What do we need to know about a bone to understand movement and function? (6)
type
position
articulations in all directions
shape
adjacent bones
features
107
What holds bones together?
joints, by flexible connective tissue
108
Where do all movements that change the position of the bony parts of the body occur?
at the joints
109
What are the two **styles** of joints?
1. secure, immobile joints, or dovetail
2. one that permits movement, such as ball and socket
110
What does joint structure determine?
movement
111
If a joint is closer fit to the point of contact, what does that indicate about movement?
that the joint is stronger, but has less movement
112
If a joint is a looser fit to the point of contact, what does that indicate about movement?
that the joint is weaker, but has more movement
113
Describe a fibrous joint and give an example.
A fibrous joint has no joint cavity and the articulating bones are held very closely together by fibrous connective tissue. They permit little or no movement. Such as the sutures of the skull.
114
Describe a cartilaginous joint and give an example.
A cartilaginous joint has no joint cavity and the articulating bones are held very closely together by cartilage. They permit little or no movement. Such as the pubic symphysis.
115
What are the four distinguishing features of synovial joints?
1. a potential cavity
2. lubricating articular cartilage
3. a capsule of fibrous tissue lined with
4. a synovial membrane
116
What are the three classifications of synovial joints?
1. Uni-axial
2. Bi-axial
3. Multi-axial
117
Which classification of synovial joints permit movement in only one plane?
Uni-axial joints
118
Which classification of synovial joints permit movement in two planes?
bi-axial joints
119
Which classification of synovial joints permit movement in many planes?
multi-axial
120
What are the two types of uni-axial joints?
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
121
What are the two types of bi-axial joints?
Condyloid
Ellipsoid
122
What are the four types of multi-axial joints?
plane
saddle
ball and socket
gliding
123
Give an example of a hinge joint?
elbow (only the ulna)
124
What types of joint are in the elbow?
hinge and pivot
125
How does a pivot joint work? Give an example.
One bone spins around on another bone. Such as the between the first two cervical vertebrae.
126
How does a condyloid joint move? Give an example.
The bones can move about one another in many directions, except rotation. Mandible to temporal bone joint.
127
What can a gliding joint offer? Give an example.
they offer a lot of flexibility in movement direction, but not a lot of distance in movement. They can move in many directions and can rotate. For example, the tarsometatarsal joint in the foot.
128
How do the bones fit together in a saddle joint? Give an example.
both bones have odd shapes but they are totally complementary to one another. Such as the joint at the base of the thumb.
129
What does the ball and socket joint allow? Give an example.
for freedom of rotation as well as back and forth movement in all planes. It allows for the most freedom in movement of any joint. For example, hip.
130
What are the two factors that movement at any joint depends on?
1. the shape or configuration of the articulating surfaces
2. the presence of restraining ligaments
