Bones terminology Flashcards
What is the skeletal system?
the basic framework of the body and the joints between them
What is spongy bone? What does it provide?
a central honeycomb network that provides strength without adding excess weight
What is the layer of denser bone surrounding spongy bone called?
compact bone
What are the units that make up compact bone called?
Osteons
What do osteons consist of?
a central canal surrounded by closely packed layers called lamelle
what do the osteonic canals house?
blood vessels and nerves
What is the periosteum?
a thin membrane that protects the bone and houses the nerves and blood vessels responsible for detecting pain and supplying the bone with nutrients
What is the epiphyses?
The bone heads - distal or proximal ends of the bone
What is the diaphysis?
the bones shaft or midsection
What is the metaphyses?
regions in mature bone where the epiphyses (ends) joins the diaphysis (middle/shaft)
In growing bones, what does the metaphyses include?
an epiphyseal plate - a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the bone to grow
What is articular cartilage?
a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphyses (ends of bone)
What does the periosteum do?
enables the bone to grow in diameter and protects the bone
What is the medullary cavity?
the space that contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults
What is the endosteum?
a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity
Are bones living cells?
yes
Why would you consider bone tissue extremely dynamic?
because it undergoes constant structural change
What kind of tissue is bone?
a connective tissue that has been mineralised, mainly by calcium salts
What kind of fibres are bones comprised of? What are the fibres suspended in?
a network of protein fibres (mainly collagen) suspended in inert salts (mainly calcium)
What qualities do collagen fibres give bones?
resilience and elasticity
What qualities do the salts provide bones?
hardness and strength
What are the two forerunners of bone in the embryo?
- cartilage
- membrane of fibrous tissue
What are limb bones formed out of in the embryo?
cartilage
what is the process by which bone forms in the body called?
Ossification
What are the three important periods of bone development?
- the formative period
- the growth period
- the consolidation period
When does the formative period happen in bone formation?
from the 5th - 12th week of intra-uterine life
In which period of bone development do nearly all primary centers of ossification appear?
the formative period
When does the growth period of bone development happen?
from the ?12th week of intrauterine life until pubity
In which period of bone development do all secondary growth centers appear?
the growth period
When does the consolidation period occur in bone formation?
from puberty to the attainment of adult stature 14th - 25th year
What are the two ossification (bone formation) methods?
- intramembranous ossification
- Endochondral ossification
What are the four types of cells present in bone?
- Osteagenic cells
- Osteoblasts
- Osteocytes
- Osteoclasts
What are Osetogenic cells?
Unspecialised stem cells
What are Osteoblasts?
Bone building cells
What are Osteocytes?
Mature bone cells - the main cells in the bone tissue
What are Osetoclasts?
Cells that breakdown the bone matrix
Where do Osteogenic cells derive from?
The tissue from which all connective tissues are formed (mesenchyme)
What do osteoblasts do?
form collagen and deposit calcium to build, maintain and repair bone
What do Osteocytes do?
they maintain the daily metabolism of the bone
What do Osteoclasts do?
breakdown the collagen of the bones and release calcium into the blood
What is the breaking down of the bone matrix referred to as?
resorption
What is the purpose of resorption?
to help growth, maintenance and repair of the bone
Are bones completely solid? why?
no they have spaces to provide channels for blood vessels, this makes the bones lighter
What does the architecture of bones indicate?
function
What are the two categories for bone regions?
- spongy/cancellous
- Compact/dense
What does spongy bone tissue provide?
some support and a storage area for marrow
Where in the bone do you find spongy bone tissue arranged?
arranged along lines of force transmission
what does compact bone tissue provide?
protection and a considerable amount of support
Where in the bone do you find dense bone tissue?
most commonly concentrtaed near the middle of the bone shaft and in areas prone to fracture
How many bones are in the human skeleton at birth?
270
How many bones are in the human skeleton in adults?
206
Where do the bones of the skeleton connect?
at the joints
What do the bones of the skeleton store?
Calcium
What 4 substances form in the bone marrow?
- red blood cells
- certain white blood cells
- stem cells
- blood platelets
The skeleton is the _________ on which the body is constructed
framework
Bones work with ________ to produce movement at the joints.
muscles
What are the 8 carpal bones in the hand?
- scaphoid
- Lunate
- Triquetrum
- pisiform
- trapezium
- Trapezoid
7.Capitate - Hamate
How does the skeletal system support the body?
It supports the soft tissues of the body so that the form of the body and erect posture can be maintained
what does the skeletal system protect in the body?
It protects delicate structures such as the brain, spinal cord, lungs, heart and major blood vessels in the thoracic cavity
What is attached to bone?
muscle
How to the muscles act like levers to bone?
the muscles contract the bones which produce movement
What is stored in the bones?
mineral salts, especially calcium, phosphorus and fat
What is hemopoiesis?
the production of blood cells in the red marrow of the bones
Where are the axial bones located?
in the centre of the body
What is the purpose of the axial bones?
they form part of the walls of the body cavities, protecting them
where are the appendicular bones located?
towards the outside of the body, they are the limbs
What is the purpose of the appendicular bones?
they are for movement
What is the longest and strongest bone?
thighbone
List the 7 the axial bones.
skull
mandible
vertebrae,
Ribs
Sternum
sacrum
coccyx
List the locations of appendicular bones.
arms and legs including bones of pelvic girdle
what type of bones are the major bones in the arms and legs?
Long
Describe a long bone.
a shaft with two extremities
Describe a short bone.
same dimension in all directions.
What type of bones are the carpals?
short bones
What does the shape of a bone reflect?
mechanical function
What type of bone is a scapula?
a flat bone
What is the purpose of a flat bone?
protection and some blood cell manufacture
describe an irregular bone.
a complex structure that does not fit into any other classification
what is the purpose of irregular bones?
withstand high compressive forces
what type of bone is the pelvic girdle?
irregular bone
What are sesamoid bones?
bones found in tendons
What do sesamoid bones do?
help joint movement
Give an example of a sesamoid bone? where is it located?
Patella, that lies within quadrecep tendons
What are skeletal landmarks?
the structural features of the surface of bones that reveal function
Bones that have large, rounded ends indicate what?
that they may bear a great deal of weight
What is the name of the skeletal landmark that receives the rounded end of a joint?
a fossa
What are rough areas of a bone an indication of?
the area where a muscle, tendon or ligament attaches
What do grooves in the surfaces of bones provide?
the passage of blood vessels
Why do openings occur in the bone?
to allow for blood vessels and nerves to pass through the bone
Define the term articulating surface.
The part of the bone that enters into the formation of a joint
Define the term articulation.
A joint between two or more bones.
Define the term bony sinus.
A hollow cavity within a bone
Define the term border.
A ridge of bone separating two surfaces.
Define the term condoyle.
A smooth rounded projection of bone that forms part of a joint. It fits into a fossa on another bone for articulation.
Define the term facet.
a small, generally flat, articulating surface.
Define the term fissure (or cleft).
A narrow slit.
Define the term foramen.
A hole in a structure
Define the term fossa.
A hollow or depression
Define the term meatus.
A tube shaped cavity within a bone, such as the inner ear.
Define the term septum.
A partition separating two cavities, such as in the nose.
Define the term spine, spinous process or crest.
A sharp ridge of a bone, such as the ilium.
Define the term styloid process.
A sharp, downward projection of bone that gives attachment to muscles and ligaments.
Define the term suture.
An immovable joint, such as between the bones of the skull.
Define the term trochanter, tuberosity or tubercle.
Rounded bony projections, usually for attachment of muscles or ligaments. The different names are used according to the size of the projection.
Put tuberosity, tubercle and trochanter in size order from largest to smallest.
- Trochanter (largest)
- tuberosity
- tubercle (smallest)
What do we need to know about a bone to understand movement and function? (6)
type
position
articulations in all directions
shape
adjacent bones
features
What holds bones together?
joints, by flexible connective tissue
Where do all movements that change the position of the bony parts of the body occur?
at the joints
What are the two styles of joints?
- secure, immobile joints, or dovetail
- one that permits movement, such as ball and socket
What does joint structure determine?
movement
If a joint is closer fit to the point of contact, what does that indicate about movement?
that the joint is stronger, but has less movement
If a joint is a looser fit to the point of contact, what does that indicate about movement?
that the joint is weaker, but has more movement
Describe a fibrous joint and give an example.
A fibrous joint has no joint cavity and the articulating bones are held very closely together by fibrous connective tissue. They permit little or no movement. Such as the sutures of the skull.
Describe a cartilaginous joint and give an example.
A cartilaginous joint has no joint cavity and the articulating bones are held very closely together by cartilage. They permit little or no movement. Such as the pubic symphysis.
What are the four distinguishing features of synovial joints?
- a potential cavity
- lubricating articular cartilage
- a capsule of fibrous tissue lined with
- a synovial membrane
What are the three classifications of synovial joints?
- Uni-axial
- Bi-axial
- Multi-axial
Which classification of synovial joints permit movement in only one plane?
Uni-axial joints
Which classification of synovial joints permit movement in two planes?
bi-axial joints
Which classification of synovial joints permit movement in many planes?
multi-axial
What are the two types of uni-axial joints?
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
What are the two types of bi-axial joints?
Condyloid
Ellipsoid
What are the four types of multi-axial joints?
plane
saddle
ball and socket
gliding
Give an example of a hinge joint?
elbow (only the ulna)
What types of joint are in the elbow?
hinge and pivot
How does a pivot joint work? Give an example.
One bone spins around on another bone. Such as the between the first two cervical vertebrae.
How does a condyloid joint move? Give an example.
The bones can move about one another in many directions, except rotation. Mandible to temporal bone joint.
What can a gliding joint offer? Give an example.
they offer a lot of flexibility in movement direction, but not a lot of distance in movement. They can move in many directions and can rotate. For example, the tarsometatarsal joint in the foot.
How do the bones fit together in a saddle joint? Give an example.
both bones have odd shapes but they are totally complementary to one another. Such as the joint at the base of the thumb.
What does the ball and socket joint allow? Give an example.
for freedom of rotation as well as back and forth movement in all planes. It allows for the most freedom in movement of any joint. For example, hip.
What are the two factors that movement at any joint depends on?
- the shape or configuration of the articulating surfaces
- the presence of restraining ligaments
