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Anatomy and physiology > femur, knee joint and ankle joint > Flashcards

femur, knee joint and ankle joint Flashcards

1
Q

What is the longest and strongest bone in the body?

A

the femur (thigh bone)

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2
Q

What is the shape of the superior head of the femur?

A

nearly 2/3rds of a sphere

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3
Q

What is the superior head of the femur covered with?

A

articular cartilage except at attachment of fovea capitas

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4
Q

The inferior end of the femur has two large ________.

A

condoyles

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5
Q

what are the two condoyles in the femur called? How are they separated?

A

the lateral and medial condyles separated by the intercondyle notch

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6
Q

What type of bone is the patella ?

A

a sesmoid bone

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7
Q

What is the posterior side of the patella covered with? why?

A

hyaline cartilage for articulation with surface of femur

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8
Q

where is the patella formed? How does this influence its surface?

A

in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris, its anterior surfaces is rough due to the fibres

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9
Q

What are the two bones that form the lower leg?

A

tibia and fibula

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10
Q

What is the largest of the lower leg bones?

A

the tibia

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11
Q

describe the position of the tibia in relation to the fibula.

A

the tibia is medial to the fibula

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12
Q

What are the bony prominences on the superior ends of the tibia?

A

the lateral and medial condoyle

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13
Q

Which area of the tibia articulates with the condoyles of the femur?

A

the expanded superior end

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14
Q

How many surfaces does the shaft of the tibia have?

A

3 - it is triangular

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15
Q

Is the lower end of the tibia expanded?

A

yes

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16
Q

Where is the medial malleolus (a bony projection) located on the tibia?

A

on the inferior end

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17
Q

What is the subcutaneous anterior surface of the medial tibia shaft commonly referred to as?

A

the shin

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18
Q

What is the primary function of the tibia?

A

weight bearing and transmission of forces

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19
Q

What are the bony prominences on the superiorly expanded end of the fibula?

A

it has a facet on the medial side for articulation with lateral condyle of tibia

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20
Q

What does the lower (inferior) end of the fibular articulate with?

A

the lateral surface of the body of the talus

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21
Q

Does the fibula bear weight or the body?

A

no, but it contributes to the lateral stability of the ankle joint

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22
Q

What are the 5 functions of the knee joint?

A
  1. weight-bearing
  2. locking mechanism to reduce muscle energy when joint extended in standing
  3. flexion and extension contribute to swing in locomotion
  4. abe to medially and laterally rotate in flexion
  5. frequently injured during sport
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23
Q

What are the articular surfaces covered with in the knee joint?

A

hyaline cartilage

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24
Q

what is the meniscus in the knee? what does it offer?

A

hyaline cartilage in the knee that offers protection and cushioning

25
Q

What are the articulating structures covered by in the knee?

A

a synovial capsule and bather in synovial fluid

26
Q

what are the five main ligaments in the knee?

A

medial collateral ligament
lateral collateral ligament
posterior cruciate ligament
anterior cruciate ligament
patellar tendon (ligament)

27
Q

which of the main ligaments in the knee are intracapsular?

A

the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

28
Q

What does intracapsular mean?

A

within a capsule, most commonly a joint capsule

29
Q

Which of the main ligaments in the knee are extracapsular?

A

patellar ligament
medial collateral ligament
lateral collateral ligament

30
Q

What do the medial and lateral collateral ligaments prevent in the knee? when are they slack?

A

sideways bending
they are slack when the knee is flexed which allows the lower leg to rotate

31
Q

What muscles in the quadriceps act on the knee?

A

rectus femorus
vastus lateralis
vastus mediialis
vastus intermedius
sartorius

32
Q

What is the longest muscle in the body?

A

sartorius

33
Q

Where does the sartorius muscle run from/to?

A

runs from the anterior superior iliac spine to the media surface of proximal end of tibia

34
Q

What muscle group is the prime knee extensors?

A

quadriceps femoris

35
Q

What are the 4 muscles that make up the quadriceps muscle group?

A
  1. rectus femoris
  2. vastus intermedius
  3. vastus lateralis
  4. Vastus medialis
36
Q

What bone are the quads all in contact with? why?

A

the patella to resist force of muscles around the knee joint

37
Q

what are the knee flexor muscles?

A

Hamstrings
biceps femoris
semimebranosus
semitendinosus

38
Q

What other movement in the body do the knee flexor muscles help?

A

extension of the hip

39
Q

Which of the knee muscles are involved in lateral/external rotation of the knee?

A

biceps femoris

40
Q

which of the knee muscles are involved in the medial/internal rotation of the knee?

A

semitendinosus
semimembranosus
gracilis
sartorius
popliteus

41
Q

what are the three bones that form the ankle joint?

A

tibia
fibula
talus

42
Q

What are the lateral ankle ligaments?

A

Anterior Talofibular ligament (ATFL)
Cacaneofibular ligament (CFL)
Posterior Talofibular ligament (PTFL)

43
Q

What is the name of the medial ankle ligament?

A

deltoid ligament

44
Q

What are the two deep components of the deltoid ligament?

A
  1. posterior tibiotalar ligament
  2. anterior tibiotalar ligament
45
Q

What are the two superficial components of the deltoid ligament?

A

the tibiocalcaneal ligament
the tibionavicular ligament

46
Q

What binds the ankle together?

A

the strong deltoid ligament
three lateral ligaments

47
Q

In the ankle joint, which bones articulate with which?

A

the distal ends of the tibia and fibula articulates with the proximal end of the talus bone

48
Q

What type of joint is the ankle?

A

a synovial hinge joint

49
Q

Can the ankle do inversion and eversion?

A

no, this occurs at the subtalar and mid tarsal joints

50
Q

What are the 4 muscles involved in dorsiflexion of the ankle joint?

A

tibialis anterior
peronius longus
peronius brevis
extensor digitorum longus

51
Q

what are the 2 muscles involves in plantarflexion of the ankle joint?

A

Gastrocnemius (lateralis and medialis)
Soleus

52
Q

Where do the calf muscles converge?

A

at the soleus then into the achilles tendon

53
Q

What bones are in the hindfoot?

A

talus and calcaneus

54
Q

What is the first part of the foot that makes contact with the ground in walking?

A

Hindfoot (heel strike)

55
Q

What is the second part of the foot to make contact with the ground when walking?

A

the midfoot

56
Q

What bones are in the midfoot?

A

navicular
cuboid
3 cuneiform bones

57
Q

What bones are in the forefoot?

A

5 metatarsals and all phalanges

58
Q

What is the great toe important for?

A

the “push-off/toe-off” phase of walking

59
Q
A

Anatomy and physiology (9 decks)

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