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Anatomy and physiology > femur, knee joint and ankle joint > Flashcards

femur, knee joint and ankle joint Flashcards

1
Q

What is the longest and strongest bone in the body?

A

the femur (thigh bone)

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2
Q

What is the shape of the superior head of the femur?

A

nearly 2/3rds of a sphere

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3
Q

What is the superior head of the femur covered with?

A

articular cartilage except at attachment of fovea capitas

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4
Q

The inferior end of the femur has two large ________.

A

condoyles

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5
Q

what are the two condoyles in the femur called? How are they separated?

A

the lateral and medial condyles separated by the intercondyle notch

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6
Q

What type of bone is the patella ?

A

a sesmoid bone

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7
Q

What is the posterior side of the patella covered with? why?

A

hyaline cartilage for articulation with surface of femur

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8
Q

where is the patella formed? How does this influence its surface?

A

in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris, its anterior surfaces is rough due to the fibres

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9
Q

What are the two bones that form the lower leg?

A

tibia and fibula

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10
Q

What is the largest of the lower leg bones?

A

the tibia

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11
Q

describe the position of the tibia in relation to the fibula.

A

the tibia is medial to the fibula

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12
Q

What are the bony prominences on the superior ends of the tibia?

A

the lateral and medial condoyle

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13
Q

Which area of the tibia articulates with the condoyles of the femur?

A

the expanded superior end

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14
Q

How many surfaces does the shaft of the tibia have?

A

3 - it is triangular

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15
Q

Is the lower end of the tibia expanded?

A

yes

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16
Q

Where is the medial malleolus (a bony projection) located on the tibia?

A

on the inferior end

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17
Q

What is the subcutaneous anterior surface of the medial tibia shaft commonly referred to as?

A

the shin

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18
Q

What is the primary function of the tibia?

A

weight bearing and transmission of forces

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19
Q

What is the bony prominence on the superiorly expanded end of the fibula? what does this articulate with?

A

it has an articular facet for articulation with lateral condyle of tibia

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20
Q

What does the lower (inferior) end of the fibular articulate with?

A

the talus

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21
Q

Does the fibula bear weight or the body? what does it contribute to?

A

no, but it contributes to the lateral stability of the ankle joint

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22
Q

What are the 4 functions of the knee joint?

A
  1. weight-bearing
  2. locking mechanism to reduce muscle energy when joint extended in standing
  3. flexion and extension contribute to swing in locomotion
  4. medially and laterally rotate in flexion
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23
Q

What are the articular surfaces covered with in the knee joint?

A

hyaline cartilage

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24
Q

what is the meniscus in the knee? what does it offer?

A

hyaline cartilage in the knee that offers protection and cushioning

25
Q

What are the articulating structures covered by in the knee?

A

a synovial capsule and bathes joint in synovial fluid

26
Q

what are the five main ligaments in the knee?

A

medial collateral ligament
lateral collateral ligament
posterior cruciate ligament
anterior cruciate ligament
patellar tendon (ligament)

27
Q

which of the main ligaments in the knee are intracapsular?

A

the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

28
Q

What does intracapsular mean?

A

within a capsule, most commonly a joint capsule

29
Q

Which of the 3 main ligaments in the knee are extracapsular?

A

patellar ligament
medial collateral ligament
lateral collateral ligament

30
Q

What do the medial and lateral collateral ligaments prevent in the knee? when are they slack?

A

sideways bending
they are slack when the knee is flexed which allows the lower leg to rotate

31
Q

What 5 muscles in the quadriceps act on the knee?

A

rectus femorus
vastus lateralis
vastus mediialis
vastus intermedius
sartorius

32
Q

What is the longest muscle in the body?

A

sartorius

33
Q

Where does the sartorius muscle run from/to?

A

runs from the anterior superior iliac spine to the proximal end of tibia

34
Q

What muscle group is the prime knee extensors?

A

quadriceps femoris

35
Q

What are the 4 muscles that make up the quadriceps muscle group?

A
  1. rectus femoris
  2. vastus intermedius
  3. vastus lateralis
  4. Vastus medialis
36
Q

What sesmoid bone are the quads all in contact with? why?

A

the patella to resist force of muscles around the knee joint

37
Q

what are the 4 knee flexor muscles?

A

Hamstrings
biceps femoris
semimebranosus
semitendinosus

38
Q

What other movement in the body do the knee flexor muscles help?

A

extension of the hip

39
Q

Which of the knee muscles are involved in lateral/external rotation of the knee? (1)

A

biceps femoris

40
Q

which of the 5 knee muscles are involved in the medial/internal rotation of the knee?

A

semitendinosus
semimembranosus
gracilis
sartorius
popliteus

41
Q

what are the three bones that form the ankle joint?

A

tibia
fibula
talus

42
Q

What are the 3 lateral ankle ligaments?

A

Anterior Talofibular ligament (ATFL)
Cacaneofibular ligament (CFL)
Posterior Talofibular ligament (PTFL)

43
Q

What is the name of the medial ankle ligament?

A

deltoid ligament

44
Q

What are the two deep components of the deltoid ligament?

A
  1. posterior tibiotalar ligament
  2. anterior tibiotalar ligament
45
Q

What are the two superficial components of the deltoid ligament?

A

the tibiocalcaneal ligament
the tibionavicular ligament

46
Q

What binds the ankle together?

A

the strong deltoid ligament
three lateral ligaments

47
Q

In the ankle joint, which bones articulate with which?

A

the distal ends of the tibia and fibula articulates with the proximal end of the talus bone

48
Q

What type of joint is the ankle?

A

a synovial hinge joint

49
Q

Can the ankle do inversion and eversion?

A

no, this occurs at the subtalar and mid tarsal joints

50
Q

What are the 4 muscles involved in dorsiflexion of the ankle joint?

A

tibialis anterior
peronius longus
peronius brevis
extensor digitorum longus

51
Q

what are the 2 muscles involves in plantarflexion of the ankle joint?

A

Gastrocnemius (lateralis and medialis)
Soleus

52
Q

Where do the calf muscles converge?

A

at the soleus then into the achilles tendon

53
Q

What bones are in the hindfoot?

A

talus and calcaneus

54
Q

What is the first part of the foot that makes contact with the ground in walking?

A

Hindfoot (heel strike)

55
Q

What is the second part of the foot to make contact with the ground when walking?

A

the midfoot

56
Q

What bones are in the midfoot?

A

navicular
cuboid
3 cuneiform bones

57
Q

What bones are in the forefoot?

A

5 metatarsals and all phalanges

58
Q

What is the great toe important for?

A

the “push-off/toe-off” phase of walking

59
Q
A

Anatomy and physiology (18 decks)

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