femur, knee joint and ankle joint

Question 1

What is the longest and strongest bone in the body?

Answer 1

the femur (thigh bone)

Question 2

What is the shape of the superior head of the femur?

Answer 2

nearly 2/3rds of a sphere

Question 3

What is the superior head of the femur covered with?

Answer 3

articular cartilage except at attachment of fovea capitas

Question 4

The inferior end of the femur has two large ________.

Answer 4

condoyles

Question 5

what are the two condoyles in the femur called? How are they separated?

Answer 5

the lateral and medial condyles separated by the intercondyle notch

Question 6

What type of bone is the patella ?

Answer 6

a sesmoid bone

Question 7

What is the posterior side of the patella covered with? why?

Answer 7

hyaline cartilage for articulation with surface of femur

Question 8

where is the patella formed? How does this influence its surface?

Answer 8

in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris, its anterior surfaces is rough due to the fibres

Question 9

What are the two bones that form the lower leg?

Answer 9

tibia and fibula

Question 10

What is the largest of the lower leg bones?

Answer 10

the tibia

Question 11

describe the position of the tibia in relation to the fibula.

Answer 11

the tibia is medial to the fibula

Question 12

What are the bony prominences on the superior ends of the tibia?

Answer 12

the lateral and medial condoyle

Question 13

Which area of the tibia articulates with the condoyles of the femur?

Answer 13

the expanded superior end

Question 14

How many surfaces does the shaft of the tibia have?

Answer 14

3 - it is triangular

Question 15

Is the lower end of the tibia expanded?

Answer 15

yes

Question 16

Where is the medial malleolus (a bony projection) located on the tibia?

Answer 16

on the inferior end

Question 17

What is the subcutaneous anterior surface of the medial tibia shaft commonly referred to as?

Answer 17

the shin

Question 18

What is the primary function of the tibia?

Answer 18

weight bearing and transmission of forces

Question 19

What is the bony prominence on the superiorly expanded end of the fibula? what does this articulate with?

Answer 19

it has an articular facet for articulation with lateral condyle of tibia

Question 20

What does the lower (inferior) end of the fibular articulate with?

Answer 20

the talus

Question 21

Does the fibula bear weight or the body? what does it contribute to?

Answer 21

no, but it contributes to the lateral stability of the ankle joint

Question 22

What are the 4 functions of the knee joint?

Answer 22

1. weight-bearing
2. locking mechanism to reduce muscle energy when joint extended in standing
3. flexion and extension contribute to swing in locomotion
4. medially and laterally rotate in flexion

Question 23

What are the articular surfaces covered with in the knee joint?

Answer 23

hyaline cartilage

Question 24

what is the meniscus in the knee? what does it offer?

Answer 24

hyaline cartilage in the knee that offers protection and cushioning

Question 25

What are the articulating structures covered by in the knee?

Answer 25

a synovial capsule and bathes joint in synovial fluid

Question 26

what are the five main ligaments in the knee?

Answer 26

medial collateral ligament lateral collateral ligament posterior cruciate ligament anterior cruciate ligament patellar tendon (ligament)

Question 27

which of the main ligaments in the knee are intracapsular?

Answer 27

the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

Question 28

What does intracapsular mean?

Answer 28

within a capsule, most commonly a joint capsule

Question 29

Which of the 3 main ligaments in the knee are extracapsular?

Answer 29

patellar ligament medial collateral ligament lateral collateral ligament

Question 30

What do the medial and lateral collateral ligaments prevent in the knee? when are they slack?

Answer 30

sideways bending they are slack when the knee is flexed which allows the lower leg to rotate

Question 31

What 5 muscles in the quadriceps act on the knee?

Answer 31

rectus femorus vastus lateralis vastus mediialis vastus intermedius sartorius

Question 32

What is the longest muscle in the body?

Answer 32

sartorius

Question 33

Where does the sartorius muscle run from/to?

Answer 33

runs from the anterior superior iliac spine to the proximal end of tibia

Question 34

What muscle group is the prime knee extensors?

Answer 34

quadriceps femoris

Question 35

What are the 4 muscles that make up the quadriceps muscle group?

Answer 35

1. rectus femoris 2. vastus intermedius 3. vastus lateralis 4. Vastus medialis

Question 36

What sesmoid bone are the quads all in contact with? why?

Answer 36

the patella to resist force of muscles around the knee joint

Question 37

what are the 4 knee flexor muscles?

Answer 37

Hamstrings biceps femoris semimebranosus semitendinosus

Question 38

What other movement in the body do the knee flexor muscles help?

Answer 38

extension of the hip

Question 39

Which of the knee muscles are involved in lateral/external rotation of the knee? (1)

Answer 39

biceps femoris

Question 40

which of the 5 knee muscles are involved in the medial/internal rotation of the knee?

Answer 40

semitendinosus semimembranosus gracilis sartorius popliteus

Question 41

what are the three bones that form the ankle joint?

Answer 41

tibia fibula talus

Question 42

What are the 3 lateral ankle ligaments?

Answer 42

Anterior Talofibular ligament (ATFL) Cacaneofibular ligament (CFL) Posterior Talofibular ligament (PTFL)

Question 43

What is the name of the medial ankle ligament?

Answer 43

deltoid ligament

Question 44

What are the two deep components of the deltoid ligament?

Answer 44

1. posterior tibiotalar ligament 2. anterior tibiotalar ligament

Question 45

What are the two superficial components of the deltoid ligament?

Answer 45

the tibiocalcaneal ligament the tibionavicular ligament

Question 46

What binds the ankle together?

Answer 46

the strong deltoid ligament three lateral ligaments

Question 47

In the ankle joint, which bones articulate with which?

Answer 47

the distal ends of the tibia and fibula articulates with the proximal end of the talus bone

Question 48

What type of joint is the ankle?

Answer 48

a synovial hinge joint

Question 49

Can the ankle do inversion and eversion?

Answer 49

no, this occurs at the subtalar and mid tarsal joints

Question 50

What are the 4 muscles involved in dorsiflexion of the ankle joint?

Answer 50

tibialis anterior peronius longus peronius brevis extensor digitorum longus

Question 51

what are the 2 muscles involves in plantarflexion of the ankle joint?

Answer 51

Gastrocnemius (lateralis and medialis) Soleus

Question 52

Where do the calf muscles converge?

Answer 52

at the soleus then into the achilles tendon

Question 53

What bones are in the hindfoot?

Answer 53

talus and calcaneus

Question 54

What is the first part of the foot that makes contact with the ground in walking?

Answer 54

Hindfoot (heel strike)

Question 55

What is the second part of the foot to make contact with the ground when walking?

Answer 55

the midfoot

Question 56

What bones are in the midfoot?

Answer 56

navicular cuboid 3 cuneiform bones

Question 57

What bones are in the forefoot?

Answer 57

5 metatarsals and all phalanges

Question 58

What is the great toe important for?

Answer 58

the "push-off/toe-off" phase of walking