sliding filament theory Flashcards

1
Q

The sarcomere is the _______ ________ unit of the myofibril.

A

basic functional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

In the muscle fiber, what defines the sarcomere?

A

the space from one Z disk to another Z disk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is a myofibril?

A

a rod-like unit within a muscle fiberthat is made up of myofilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

are proteins elastic?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are myofilaments made up of?

A

thick filaments - myosin
thin filaments - actin
These are proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When the myofilaments are triggered by calcium release, what happens?

A

they slide over each other to contract or extend

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the I-band made up of? what is it dissected by?

A

thin actin filaments
the Z- line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the Z-line?

A

a dense protein disk that defines the sarcomere borders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the Z-line provide?

A

anchorage for contraction and recoil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is the M-line located?

A

in the middle of the thick myosin filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In which region is the H-zone?

A

the region in the centre of each A-band

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What type of filaments is the A-band made up of?

A

mainly thick filaments and partially overlapping thin filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

During contraction, the ______ ______ will pull the _____ ________ closer to one another.

A

myosin (thick filament) heads
actin (thin) filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

During contraction, the _ disks come closer to one another.

A

Z

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

During contraction, the I-bands ______

A

shrink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

During contraction, the ______ __________ slide over one another.

A

actin filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Does the A band change length during contraction?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 4 steps of sliding filament theory?

A
  1. muscle activation
  2. muscle contraction
  3. recharging
  4. relaxation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens during muscle activation? (2)

A
  1. The motor nerve stimulates a motor impulse to pass down a neuron to the neuromuscular junction
  2. The motor impulse stimulates the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium into muscle cells.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens during muscle contraction? (2)

A
  1. calcium floods into the muscle cell and it binds with triponin, allowing actin and myosin to bind
  2. the myosin and actin cross-bridges bind and contract using ATP. This is called a power stroke.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens during recharging? (1)

A

ATP is resynthesized which allows actin and myosin to maintain their strong binding state.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens during relaxation? (3)

A
  1. the stimulation of the nerve stops
  2. Calcium is then pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum which breaks the link between actin and myosin
  3. myosin and actin return to their unbound state causing the muscle to relax.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When does failure happen?

A

when ATP isnt available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is ATP?

A

adesonine triphosphate, the chemical that fuels muscle contraction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
What is the region in which sliding filament contraction occurs?
the sarcomere
25
During contraction, ________ myofilaments rachet over ______ filaments, contracting the ___________.
myosin actin sarcomere
26
Within the __________, key regions known as the _ band and_ zone compress and expand to facilitate this process
sarcomere I H
27
do myofilaments themselve expand or contract?
no
28
What is the name of the mineral (1) and molecule (2) that are crucial during this process?
calcium ATP
29
What are the names of the regulatory proteins that aid the formation and release of cross-bridges?
tropomyosin (binding) troponin (release)
30
There are also structural _________ which maintain _________ and __________ of myofibrils.
proteins stability elasticity
31
The 5 structural proteins that mainatain myofibrils are called:
tintin alpha actinin myomesin nebulin dystrophin
32
1. At the neuromuscular junction, ________ ________ is recieved at the __________ _____
action potential synaptic bulb
33
2. At the neuromuscular junction, once the action potential is recieved, ________ ______ _______ _________ open. Then, _________ ____ diffuse into the terminal
voltage gated calcium channels open calcium ions
34
3. At the neuromuscular junction, Once calcium ions are diffused into the terminal, this causes ________ __________ to release _______________ via ______________.
synaptic vesticles acetylcholine exocytosis
35
4.Once released, ___________ defuses across the ___________ ______ and binds to _____________ _______, which contain _____-______ ________ ________.
acetylcholine synaptic cleft acetylcholine receptors ligand-gated cation channels
36
5. The ______ ______ _______ ________ open.
ligand-gated cation channels
37
6. Once the channels are open, ________ ____ enter the ________ ______ and _________ ____ exit the _________ ______.
sodium ions Muscle fiber potassium ions muscle fiber
38
6 (cont). The greater inward flux of __________ ____ relative to the outward flux of __________ ____ causes the _________ ______ to become _____ ________.
sodium ions potassium ions membrane potential less negative
39
7. Once the ________ ______ reaches a _________ ______, an ________ ______ propagates along the __________
membrane potential threshold value action potential sarcolemma
40
When in the process does neurotransmission to a muscle fiber cease?
when acetylcholine is removed from the synaptic cleft
41
What are the two ways acetylcholine is removed from the synaptic cleft?
1. Acetylcholine diffuses away from the synapse 2. Acetylcholine is broken down by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase into acetic acid and choline, the choline is then transported into the axon terminal for resynthesis of acetylcholine
42
What are the 4 things that determine the degree of muscle contraction?
1. number of muscle fibres innervated by somatic neuron (motor unit) 2. Frequency of stimulation (number of impulses per second) 3. the size of the muscle fibres 4. the ability of the muscle to form cross bridges
43
at death, when breathing and circulation stop, ________ _____ lack _______ and therefore cannot use ________ __________ to efficiently produce ___.
muscle cells oxygen aerobic respiration ATP
44
At death, after _______ respiration stops, respiration continues ___________ at first, but the muscle cells eventually become so short on ____ that the _______ and ______ filaments cannot release from the _________ ______ and the _________ _____ cannot be pumped back out of the muscle cell.
aerobic anaerobically ATP myosin actin contracted state calcium ions
45
At death, when unable to release from contraction, what happens to the muscles in the body?
they all remain tense and cause rigor mortis
46
What is the arrangement of a small motor unit?
a single motor neuron supplies a small number muscle fibers in a muscle
47
What do small motor units allow the body to do? Give an example.
they permit very fine motor control of the muscle, such as the extraocular muscles of the eye
48
What is the arrangement of a large motor unit?
a single motor neuron supplies a large number of muscle fibres in a muscle
49
What do large motor units allow the body to do? give an example.
allow the body to perform gross movements such as extending the knee joint
50
In large motor units, how are the axons split?
the axon splits into thousands of branches supplying thousands of muscle fibers in a muscle
51
What are the two things that make up a motor unit?
the somatic motor neuron and the muscle fibres it innervates
52
Increased _____ and __________ of a muscle requires an increased number of motor units. For smoothness of movement, timing of ________ of the _____ ____ is important.
force manipulation recruitment motor unit
53
What are twitch contractions?
a fast, brief contraction of a muscle following a single stimulus
54
What influences whether a twitch contraction is going to be strong or weak?
the number of motor units recruited
55
What can the tension produced by a single twitch be measured by? What does it specifically measure
a myogram the amount of tension produced over time
56
How many phases does each twitch undergo?
three
57
What are the three phases of a muscle twitch?
the latent period the contraction period the relaxation period
58
in twitch phases, During the latent period, ______ ________ is being _________ along the _________, and ________ ____ are released from the ________ ______. However, contraction has not occurred yet.
action potential propogated sarcolemma caclium ions sarcoplasmic reticulum
59
In the twitch phases, in the contraction phase, ________ ____ in the _________ have bound to _______, ____________ has shifted away from ______ _______ ______, and _______ _______ have formed.
calcium ions sarcoplasm troponin tropomyosin active binding sites cross bridges
60
(cont) In twitch phases, In the contraction phase the _________ are actively _________ to the point of ______ _______.
sarcomeres shortening peak tension
61
In twitch phases, in the relaxation phase, _________ decreases as contraction ______. _________ ____ are pumped out of the __________ back into the ____________ ______ and _____ ________ _______ stops. This returns the _______ ____ to its resting state.
tension stops calcium ions sarcoplasm sarcoplasmic reticulum cross bridge cycling stops muscle fiber
62
Does a single twitch produce any significant muscle activity in a living body?
no
63
What is needed to produce a muscle contraction that can produce work?
a series of action potentials to the muscle fibers
64
Normal muscle contraction is more _______ and it can be modified by ______ from the ________ _____ to produce varying amounts of _______. This is called _______ _____ ________.
sustained input nervous system force Graded muscle response
65
What are the two factors that affect the tension produced in skeletal muscle?
1. the frequency of action potentials or nerve impulses from a motor neuron 2. the number of motor neurons transmitting action potential
66
If a fiber is stimulated whilst a previous twitch is still occurring, what happens to the second twitch? What is this response called?
it will be stronger wave summation
67
wave summation occurs because the _________ _________ _____ effects of motor neuron signalling is summed or added together
excitation contraction coupling
68
At the molecular level, summation occurs because the _______ _______ triggers the release of more ________ ____. These become available to activate additional _________ while the muscle is still contracting from the first stimuli.
second stimulus calcium ions sarcomeres
69
Summation results in ________ contraction of the ______ ____.
greater motor unit
70
If the frequency of ________ _______ signaling increases, ___________ and subsequent muscle _________ in the motor unit continues to rise until it reaches a peak point. The tension at this point is about _______ to ______ times greater than the tension of a _______ _______. This state is referred to as ____________/________ _________.
motor neuron summation tension three four single twitch incomplete/unfused tetanus
71
During incomplete tetanus, the muscle goes through ______ cycles of __________ with a short _________ _______ for each.
quick contraction relaxation phase
72
In complete tetanus, the ___________ frequency is so high that the __________ phase dissapears completely. The ________ become _________.
stimulus relaxation contractions continuous.
73
During complete tetanus the ____________ of calcium ions in the __________ allows virtually all of the ___________ to form ______ ________ and shorten. This allows the contraction to continue ___________.
concentration sarcoplasm sarcomeres cross bridges uninterrupted
74
What marks the latent period?
the time between the stimulation of the muscle fibre and the contraction
75
what marks the contraction period?
crossbridge formation
76
What marks the relaxation period?
When peak tension is developed and stimulation is removed i.e release of crossbridges
77
skeletal muscles can be classified as _______ twitch or _______ twitch muscle fibres.
slow fast
78
What is muscle tone?
the continuous and passive partial contraction of muscles
79
What kind of respiration do slow twitch fibers depend on?
aerobic
80
is the ATP regeneration (for crossbridge formation) faster or slower in slow twitch fibres?
slower
81
Are slow twitch fibres fatigue resistant?
yes
82
What kind of activities are slow twitch fibres helpful for?
sustained muscle contraction endurance activities
83
Give an example of a slow twitch muscle?
gluteals
84
What kind of respiration do fast twitch A fibres depend on?
anaerobic and aerobic
85
How much faster are fast twitch A fibres that slow twitch fibres?
2-3 times faster
86
Are fast twitch A fibres able to regenerate ATP faster or slower?
faster
87
Fast twitch A fibres have a ______ blood vessel count.
high
88
Give an example where fast twitch A fibres are useful.
short period of intense activities eg throwing a javelin or strength training
89
What kind of respiration do fast twitch B fibres depend on?
anaerobic
90
How much faster are fast twitch B fibres than slow twitch fibres?
2 - 3 times
91
Are fast twitch B fibres able to regenerate ATP fast?
yes
92
Do fast twitch B fibres have a low or high amount of blood vessels?
low
93
How do fast twitch B fibres get ATP?
glycogen
94
Do fast twitch B fibres fatigue quickly?
yes
95
Give an example of exercise that fast twitch B fibres help with.
sprinting
96
When muscles fatigue its because there is no _______ or _______ to generate ____ fast enough. _____________ molecules bind to _________ which would otherwise be involved in the stimulation of a new contraction. _________ acid build up decreases __ and therefore inhibits ___________.
oxygen glycogen ATP phosphate calcium lactic PH contraction
97
What is the agonist?
the prime mover, a muscle whose contraction moves a part of the body directly
98
what is the antagonist?
the muscle that relaxes when the agonist contracts
99
What is the synergist?
the muscles that help to create the movement
100
what is the fixator?
the muscle that stabilises the origin of the agonist and the joint that origin spans
101
what are the two types of isotonic muscle contraction and the other type of muscle contraction/
concentric eccentric isometric
102
What does the length tension relationship of muscle describe?
the amount of tension that is produced by a muscle as a feature of its length