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Anatomy and physiology > cardiovascular system > Flashcards

cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

what does the cardiovascular system contain?

A

the heart and a crossed system of vessels: arteries, veins and capillaries

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2
Q

The heart is comprised of two strong __________ ______ and two related ________. One for ____________ and one for ___________ circulation.

A

muscular pumps
arteries
systemic
pulmonary

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3
Q

what is the circulation of blood around the body necessary for? (2)

A
  1. the delivery of oxygen, nutrients and hormones to the body’s cells
  2. removal of waste products
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4
Q

How does the cardiovascular system impact homeostasis?

A

regulation of the cardiovascular system ensures that sufficient blood is provided to all parts or the body whether resting or exercising

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5
Q

how must the heart beat to sustain life?

A

continually?

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6
Q

Where is the heart located anatomically?

A

in the mediastinum (behind body of sternum) between 2nd and 6th ribs

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7
Q

How much does the hearts mass lie on the left and right?

A

2/3 mass left
1/3 right

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8
Q

Posteriorly what vertebrae does the heart rest on anatomically?

A

T5 to T8

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9
Q

where in the body do we apply pressure when performing CPR? what does this do?

A

lower sternum
compress the heart

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10
Q

What does CPR stand for?

A

cardio-pulmonary resuscitation

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11
Q

What muscle does the lower part of the heart rest on?

A

the diaphragm

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12
Q

What is the lower part of the heart called?

A

the apex

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13
Q

what in the body is the apex anchored to? (3) by what? (1)

A

the diaphragm
back of the sternum
the great vessels

by the pericardium

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14
Q

what is it called when the heart overlies its boundary (is too large)?

A

cariomegaly

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15
Q

Does the heart change shape and size as we grow?

A

yes

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16
Q

When does the heart attain adult shape?

A

between puberty and 25 y/o

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17
Q

How does the heart take the shape of the chest?

A

it is elongated and transverse

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18
Q

How much does the heart weigh in men?

A

310 g

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19
Q

How much does the heart weigh in women?

A

225g

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20
Q

What is the name of the loose sac covering the heart?

A

the pericardium

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21
Q

What is the external surface of the pericardium called?

A

the fibrous pericardium

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22
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium like? (3)

A

tough
loose fitting
inelastic sac

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23
Q

What is the internal layer of the pericardium called?

A

the serous pericardium

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24
Q

What are the two layers of the serous pericardium called?

A

the parietal layer
the visceral layer

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25
Q

What is in-between the parietal layer and the visceral layer of the serous pericardium?

A

pericardial fluid

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26
Q

What does the parietal layer of the serous pericardium line?

A

it lines the fibrous pericardium

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27
Q

what does the visceral layer of the serous pericardium adhere to?

A

the outside of the heart

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28
Q

What is the function of the coverings of the heart? (2)

A

protection against friction
Heart remains free to move in the lubricated, loose covering

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29
Q

What is the role of the fibrous pericardium? (3)

A
  1. protection from infections and physical damage
  2. Anchoring to surrounding structures
  3. prevents overfilling due to rigid nature
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30
Q

What are the three distinct layers that make up the heart wall from external to internal?

A
  1. epicardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
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31
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

the outermost layer of the heart wall

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32
Q

What is the epicardium also known as?

A

the visceral layer of the pericardium

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33
Q

What is the epicardium composed of?

A

connective tissue and fat

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34
Q

What does the epicardium secerete a small amount of? where?

A

a small amount of fluid into the pericardial cavity

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35
Q

What is the myocardium? what is it made of?

A

the middle layer and thickest part of the heart wall made up of cardiac muscle tissue

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36
Q

what is the muscle tissue in the myocardium responsible for?

A

contractions in the heart

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37
Q

Where is the myocardium the thickest? why?

A

by the left ventricle so it can pump oxygenated blood through the body.

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38
Q

What is the endocardium? what is it made of?

A

the innermost layer of the heart made up of smooth muscle and elastic fibres

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39
Q

what does the endocardium help to regulate?

A

heart contracts and a smooth surface for blood flow

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40
Q

What does the endocardium line?

A

the innermost chambers of the heart and covers the heart halves

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41
Q

How many main chambers of the heart are there?

A

4

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42
Q

What are the two upper chambers of the heart called?

A

atria/atrium

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43
Q

what are the two lower chambers of the heart called?

A

ventricles

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44
Q

what are the left and right chambers of the heart separated by?

A

an extension of the heart wall called the septum

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45
Q

what are the atria known as?

A

the receiving chambers

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46
Q

what is the function of the right atrium?

A

to receive deoxygenated blood from the veins and deliver it to the right ventricle

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47
Q

what is the function of the left atrium?

A

to receive oxygenated blood from the veins and deliver to the left ventricle

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48
Q

why are the atria thin walled?

A

because they only need to pump the blood a short distance to the corresponding ventricle

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49
Q

What are the auricles?

A

a flap located in both atria which allows for the overall blood to be expanded in each atrium

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50
Q

how do Auricles manage the volume of blood entering the atria?

A

they work like reservoirs, temporarily storing blood and help to modulate blood pressure fluctuations

51
Q

What are the two types of valves in the heart?

A

Atrioventricular (AV) valves
Semilunar (SL) Valves

52
Q

Where are the AV valves located?

A

at the openings between the atria and ventricles

53
Q

Where are the SL valves located?

A

where the pulmonary artery and the aorta arise from the right and left ventricles respectively

54
Q

What is the name of the left AV valve?

A

the mitral valve

55
Q

what kind of valve is the left AV valve?

A

a biscupid valve because it has two flaps

56
Q

What is the proper name for the flaps in the valves?

A

cusps

57
Q

What kind of valve of the right AV valve? why?

A

a triscupid valve because it has 3 flaps

58
Q

Where is the right AV valve located?

A

between the right atrium and right ventricle

59
Q

The AV valves allow the blood to flow from ______ to ventricles but not back into the _____.

A

atria
atria

60
Q

What does the ventricular pump force the valves to do? where does this send the blood?

A

close
into the pulmonary artery and aorta

61
Q

How many semilunar valves are there?

A

2

62
Q

What are the names of the 2 semilunar valves?

A

pulmonary semilunar valve
aortic semilunar valve

63
Q

What is the function of the semilunar valves?

A

to prevent the back flow of blood from the arteries back into the ventricles

64
Q

what is the skeleton of the heart made of?

A

a set of connected fibrous rings which support the heart valves

65
Q

What does the fibrous skeleton of the heart serve as an attachment point to?

A

the myocardium

66
Q

what kind of barrier does the skeleton of the heart provide?

A

an electrical barrier between the myocardium of the atrium and of the ventricles

67
Q

what are the two largest veins in the body?

A

The superior and inferior venae cavae

68
Q

In the first step of blood flow through the cardiovasular system, what happens?

A

the superior and inferior venae cave empty their contents into the right atrium

69
Q

In the second step of blood flow, what happens to the blood that is in the right atrium?

A

the blood passes via the right atrioventricular valve into the right ventricle

70
Q

In the third step of blood flow, what happens to the blood in the right ventricle?

A

it is pumped into the pulmonary artery or trunk

71
Q

What is the only artery in the body that carries deoxygenated blood?

A

the pulmonary artery or trunk

72
Q

what is the opening of pulmonary artery guarded by? what is it made of

A

the pulmonary valve formed by three semilunar cusps

73
Q

In the fourth step of blood flow, where does the blood go after the pulmonary artery?

A

the pulmonary artery leaves the heart and divides into the left and right pulmonary arteries which carry the deoxygenated (venous) blood to the lungs

74
Q

In the fifth step of blood flow, what happens to the blood in the lungs?

A

the exchange of gasses takes place CO2 is excreted and O2 is absorbed

75
Q

In the sixth step of blood flow, what happens to the blood after the gasses exchange?

A

Two pulmonary veins from each lung carry oxygenated blood back to the left atrium

76
Q

In the seventh step of blood flow, what happens to the blood when it is in the left atrium?

A

blood passes through the left atrioventricular valve into the left ventricle

77
Q

In the eighth step of blood flow, what happens to the blood once it is in the left ventricle?

A

it is pumped into the aorta, the first artery of general circulation

78
Q

Which artery branches off the aortic artery to supply the heart with oxygen? what do they form?

A

the right and left coronary arteries that form into smaller branches to alternate routes

79
Q

what do the small coronary veins that supply the heart do?

A

drain the deoxygenated blood directly into the right atrium via the coronary sinus

80
Q

When there is a clot or thrombus in the smaller branches of the arteries that supply the heart what happens?

A

a heart attack

81
Q

What are the symptoms of a heart attack? (5)

A

chest pain
sweating
shortness of breath
fatigue
syncope (fainting)

82
Q

What side of the heart returns oxygenated blood to the lungs?

A

right side

83
Q

what side of the heart delivers oxygenated blood throughout the body?

A

left side

84
Q

in the conduction system of the heart, what are the four major structures?

A

sinoatrial node
atrioventricular node
bundle of His
Purkinje fibres

85
Q

What is the role of the sinoatrial node?

A

pacemaker, it initiates action potential that results in an electrical impulse that spreads through the left and right atria, causing it to contract

86
Q

in the conduction system of the heart, what is the sinoatrial node?

A

a bundle of hundreds of cells situated in the right atrial wall near the opening of the superior vena cava

87
Q

in the conduction system of the heart, what is the role Atrioventricular node?

A

the gatekeeper between the atria and ventricles located in the right atrium at the interatrial septum​

88
Q

in the conduction system of the heart, what is the atrioventricular node made of?

A

a small mass of special cardiac fibres

89
Q

in the conduction system of the heart, What is the role bundle of His?

A

a collection of cells

90
Q

where does bundle of his extends to?

A

it extends from the AV node in two branches on the sides of the inter ventricular wall

91
Q

what does the bundle of His do?

A

carries electrical signals from the AV node to the bundle branches

92
Q

what do the purkinje fibres do?
​

A

send signals to the ventricles so they rhymically contract

93
Q

where are the purjinke fibres located?

A

they are continuous with AV bundles and attach to the apex of the heart. ​
​

94
Q

what do the bundle branches do in the conduction system?

A

they spread the electrical signals throughout the left and right ventricles which causes the ventricles to contract

95
Q

Which of the nodes in the conduction system initiates the action potential?

A

the sinoatrial node

96
Q

Where does the action potential travel once the sinoatrial node initiates it?

A

it travels to the atria and then to the AV node

97
Q

where does action potential go once it reaches the AV node?

A

down to the ventricles via the bundle of his and punjinke fibres

98
Q

When there is a problem with the senatorial node, how can the heart compensate via the AV node?

A

the AV node can take over as a secondary pacemaker, although it is slower (bradycardia)

99
Q

What is slow heart rate called?

A

bradycardia

100
Q

When the sinoatrial node has a problem, how can the atria or ventricles compensate?

A

the atria or ventricles can generate their own electrical impulses to sustain rhythm however they are often less efficient

101
Q

When there is a problem with the sinoatrial node, how can the nervous system compensate?

A

the sympathetic nervous system can increase the nervous system activity to simulate the heart and increase heart rate

102
Q

when the sinoatrial node has a problem, how can medical intervention help?

A

a pacemaker can be used if the body cannot compensate well enough

103
Q

What is systole?

A

a single heart contraction

104
Q

What is diastole?

A

a single heart relaxation

105
Q

what are the 5 steps of the cardiac cycle (one heartbeat)?

A
  1. atrial systole (contraction)
  2. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
  3. Ejection
  4. Insovolumetric ventricular relaxation
  5. Passive ventricular filling
106
Q

what happens in atrial systole?

A

the atria contracts and empties, the relaxed ventricles fill with blood

107
Q

What happens in isovolumetric ventricular contraction?

A

the initial contraction of the ventricle and the opening of the semilunar valves, blood volume remains the same

108
Q

What happens during ejection?

A

ventricle pressure is higher than artery pressure so blood passes through the semilunar valves

109
Q

What happens during is-volumetric ventricular relaxation?

A

semilunar valves close and AV valves open

110
Q

What happens during passive ventricular filling?

A

There is an increase in atrial pressure due to the influx of venous blood which causes the ventricles to fill with blood

111
Q

what is blood pressure?

A

the force of your blood pushing against the walls of your arteries and your heart pumps it around your body

112
Q

what is systolic blood pressure?

A

The higher number that measures the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats (ventricular systole) so the 120/

113
Q

What is Diastolic pressure?

A

This is the lower number and measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart is resting (ventricular diastole) between beat​ so the /80

114
Q

What is normal blood pressure?

A

120/80

115
Q

What is hypertension blood pressure?

A

120-139/80-90

116
Q

what is high blood pressure in hypertension stage 1?

A

140-159/90-99

117
Q

What is high blood pressure is hypertension stage 2?

A

160+/100+

118
Q

What is blood pressure in hypertensive crisis?

A

180+/110+

119
Q

what is the unit measurement of blood pressure?

A

mmHG (millimetres of mercury)

120
Q

what are three things that affect blood pressure?

A

cardiac output
resistance of the vessels
hormones

121
Q

which nerve can affect heart rate?

A

the 10th cranial nerve

122
Q

what are the carotid reflexes?

A

pressure reflexes in the neck which communicate with the brain

123
Q

How do carotid reflexes affect blood pressure?

A

they detect a rise in blood pressure and send nerve impulses that activate the parasympathetic nervous system (calms us) so lowers BP

124
Q

how does the aortic reflex affect blood pressure?

A

it detects a rise in BP and communicates with the brain to decrease heart rate

Anatomy and physiology (18 decks)

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