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Anatomy and physiology > The endocrine system > Flashcards

The endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

the endocrine system works with what other system to regulate all aspects of body function?

A

the nervous system

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2
Q

what is the functional unit that the endocrine system uses?

A

hormones

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3
Q

What kind of signal does the endocrine system use?

A

chemical (hormones)

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4
Q

What are the functional units of the nervous system?

A

neurones

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5
Q

what kind of signal does the nervous system use?

A

electrical (chemical at the synapse)

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6
Q

where are hormones secreted from?

A

various glands and some organs throughout the body

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7
Q

how are hormones carried through the body? what do they alter?

A

through the blood stream
alter the activity of specific organs

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8
Q

what are the effectors (targets) of the nervous system? (3)

A

muscles, glands and other neurones

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9
Q

What are the effectors (targets) of hormones?

A

specific organs or tissues

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10
Q

what does the antidiuretic hormone target? to do what?

A

the kidneys
to help regulate the amount of water in the blood

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11
Q

does the nervous system have a fast or slow response?

A

a very rapid response

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12
Q

does the hormonal (endocrine) system have a fast or slow response?

A

slower than nervous system but can be rapid (eg adrenaline)

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13
Q

How would you describe the duration of response in the nervous system?

A

short (until the nerve impulse ceases)

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14
Q

how would you describe the duration of response in the hormonal (endocrine) system?

A

long (until hormone is broken down)

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15
Q

what breaks down hormones when they are no longer needed?

A

the liver

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16
Q

hormones are ___________ substances produced by a ______

A

chemical
gland

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17
Q

what is the main gland in the body?

A

the pituitary gland

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18
Q

hormones are carried in the _______ ______ and ___________ into the blood _______. they then travel to specific ________ or _______ where they ______ the activity of that ________.

A

blood stream
dissolve
plasma
organs
tissues
alter
organ

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19
Q

one of the functions of the hormones is homeostasis, what do hormones maintain?

A

a constant balanced internal environment

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20
Q

One of the functions of hormones is metabolism, how does it do this?

A

by controlling the body’s energy balance

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21
Q

hormones play a ___ role in the __________ and influence of ___________.

A

key
development
behaviour

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22
Q

how do hormones affect mood?

A

oxytocin among other hormones control many aspects of mood and influences our emotional responses

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23
Q

how do hormones influences cognitive function?

A

oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone play important roles in brain health, including memory and overall cognitive function

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24
Q

in women, what does oestrogen help with regarding cognitive function? (3)

A

concentration, word recall and processing

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25
Q

What happens to oestrogen during the menopause? What do women complain of because of this?

A

it is reduced
resulting in women complaining of reduced cognitive function

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26
Q

how do hormones influence growth?

A

the human growth hormone regulated growth in children

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27
Q

what is the proper name of the human growth hormone?

A

somatotropin

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28
Q

in growth, once the plates in the bones fuse, what does human growth hormone stop doing?

A

increasing height

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29
Q

what is human growth hormone still needed for once the plates in the bones have fused?

A

to help regulate fat and protein in muscle tissue and parts of the metabolism

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30
Q

what 2 hormones are there during pregnancy and after birth?

A

hCG
prolactin

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31
Q

what do pregnancy tests detect?

A

hcg

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32
Q

what is hcg produced by?

A

the placenta

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33
Q

what does prolactin stimulate?

A

breast lactation

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34
Q

hormones influences our physical appearance as they ________ the ____________ of certain characteristics.

A

stimulate
development

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35
Q

As we age, what hormones decline?

A

sex hormones

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36
Q

how does a decline in sex hormones influences our physical appearance?

A

it leads to hair loss/thinning and wrinkles caused by skin losing elasticity

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37
Q

Which two hormones from the endocrine system help regulate digestive organs? what do they do?

A

progesterone and oestrogen
regulate how fast food is digested

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38
Q

how do hormones help hunger?

A

they initiate hunger pangs

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39
Q

what is the satiety (full tummy) hormone called?

A

leptin

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40
Q

how does the endocrine system influence our circadian rhythm?

A

by releasing cortisol that peaks in early morning and declines throughout the day

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41
Q

how do hormones help our bodily fluids?

A

by regulating the volume of water and salts

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42
Q

which hormone helps with regulating water and salts? what does it target?

A

antidiuretic hormone
the kidneys

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43
Q

how do hormones help our immune response?

A

several hormones help to regulate our immune response by stimulating or supressing the immune system.

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44
Q

what hormones are involved in the immune response? (4)

A

cortisol, oestrogen and testosterone, thyroxine

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45
Q

there are various _____ throughout the body that secrete hormones.

A

glands

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46
Q

What three hormones does the adrenal gland produce?

A

adrenaline, cortisol and aldosterone

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47
Q

which two hormones from the adrenal gland help regulate blood pressure?

A

aldosterone and cortisol

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48
Q

what two main hormones are produced by the ovaries?

A

oestrogen and progesterone

49
Q

are testosterone and oestrogen produced by both males and females?

A

yes

50
Q

what are the main things testosterone and oestrogen help with? (3)

A

cognitive function
mood
bone health

51
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

in the brain

52
Q

where is the pineal gland located?

A

in the brain

53
Q

what is the pineal gland responsible for?

A

producing and secreting melatonin which modulates sleep

54
Q

what does the pituitary gland produce?

A

most hormones

55
Q

what hormone is produced by the testes?

A

testosterone

56
Q

what main hormone is produced by the thyroid?

A

thyroxine

57
Q

what main hormone is produced by the pancreas?

A

insulin

58
Q

where is the thyroid gland located?

A

in the neck

59
Q

where is the pancreas located?

A

below and behind the stomach

60
Q

The hypothalamus is the link between what?

A

the nervous system and the endocrine system

61
Q

what are the two hormones produced by the hypothalamus?

A

oxytocin and ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)

62
Q

When the pituitary gland releases ____________, the _________________ detects changes in __________ levels and will secrete ____________ and __________ hormones to __________ or _______ the production of hormones in the ___________ gland.

A

hormones
hypothalamus
hormone
releasing
inhibiting
stimulate
inhibit
pituitary

63
Q

where are the hormones produced in the hypothalamus sent to for storage?

A

the pituitary gland

64
Q

The hypothalamus secretes hormones that regulate which gland?

A

the pituitary gland

65
Q

The hormones released by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland can act on what?

A

other glands to produce other hormones.

66
Q

what is the thin stalk that joints the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

A

the infundibular

67
Q

where does the pituitary gland sit?

A

in the sphenoid bone which protects it

68
Q

what is the pituitary gland divided into?

A

2 lobes

69
Q

what are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

the anterior and posterior

70
Q

Which of the two lobes in the pituitary gland is bigger?

A

The anterior lobe is bigger, about 75% of the total weight. ​

71
Q

The hypothalamus makes 2 hormones called oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which are transported along the _____-_________ ______ to the __________ pituitary gland for storage. They are later released into the _______ in response to _____ _________ from the _____________.

A

neuro-secretory cell
posterior
blood
nerve impulses
hypothalamus

72
Q

the hypothalamus releases stimulating or inhibiting hormones to control the pituitary gland, these are released into the ________ lobe via the ____________ ______ ________, a group of capillaries at the base of the hypothalamus. ​
​

A

anterior
hypophysial portal system

73
Q

what are the two classifications of hormones?

A

lipid-soluble (also known as steroid hormones)
water soluble

74
Q

lipid soluble or steroid hormones are ________ based and made from _______ _____.

A

protein
amino acids

75
Q

lipid soluble hormones ________ into the cell __________ and is met by the ___________ _______ and _______ into it. The lipid soluble hormone and its receptor enter the __________ and bind to the ____. This causes the ____ to make ________ and enact a change.

A

diffuse
cytoplasm
receptor protein
locks
nucleus
DNA
DNA
proteins

76
Q

What can’t water soluble or non steroid hormones do?

A

diffuse across the cell membrane

77
Q

why can’t water soluble or non steroid hormones diffuse across the cell membrane?

A

as they are not fat soluble

78
Q

What do water soluable/non steroid hormones do instead of diffusing across the cell wall?
​

A

they bind to receptor cells which are located in the membrane of the cell wall. ​

79
Q

once the water soluble hormone binds to the receptor cell, what happens?

A

The receptor then stimulates a second messenger within the cell.

80
Q

once the water soluble hormone stimulated a second messenger within the cell, what happens?

A

This starts a chemical reaction in the cytoplasm, This second messenger activates enzymes to enact a change. ​

81
Q

In homeostasis, ________, __________, and _____________ have to be kept as constant as possible.​
the ___________ system plays a huge part in homeostasis and uses _________ _________to achieve this. ​

A

Water, glucose, temperature
endocrine
negative feedback

82
Q

how is homeostasis maintained?

A

If the level of something rises, control systems reduce it and if the level falls, control systems raise it.

83
Q

why is negative feedback called negative feedback?

A

It’s called negative because it does the opposite of the stimulus. ​

84
Q

what is a positive feedback loop?

A

a series of events that amplify a change, causing the cycle to repeat eg labour and birth

85
Q

What two hormones are released by the adrenal medulla?

A

Adrenalin (epinephrin) and nor adrenalin (norepinephrine)​

86
Q

what 3 groups of steroid hormones are released by the adrenal cortex?

A

3 groups of steroid hormones​
Glucocorticoids – hydrocortisone, corticosterone and cortisone.

87
Q

what are the hormones produced by the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex important for?

A

Essential for life, regulates metabolism and responses to stress.​

88
Q

When the body is faced with a stressor which threatens homeostasis, what 2 systems does the hypothalamus activate? ​

A

he sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal cortical system. ​

89
Q

The sympathetic nervous systems uses what to activate the muscles to get the body ready for action? what does it do?

A

neurotransmitters
it speeds up and tenses

90
Q

in fight or flight, what does the sympathetic nervous system activate? what does it do?

A

the adrenal medulla
This secretes adrenalin and nor adrenalin (called epinephrin and norepinephrine here) into the blood stream. ​

91
Q

in fight or flight, at the same time as activating the nervous system, what does the hypothalamus release?

A

At the same time, the hypothalamus also releases CRF (corticotropin releasing factor) into the pituitary gland (remember the infundibular stalk).
​

92
Q

in fight or flight, what happens when the hypothalamus also releases CRF into the pituitary gland?

A

This stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) which moves through the blood stream and targets the adrenal cortex. ​

93
Q

in fight or flight, what happens after the pituitary gland secretes ACTH which targets the adrenal cortex?

A

The adrenal cortex releases approximately 30 hormones which constitutes the fight or flight response

94
Q
A
94
Q

how long does it take to come down from the fight or flight response?

A

approx 20 - 60 minutes

95
Q

where are stress hormones destroyed?

A

by the liver

96
Q

the pancreas is a _______ gland, both _________ and __________.

A

mixed
endocrine
exocrine

97
Q

that is the endocrine part of the pancreas?

A

the islets of langerhans

98
Q

how many islets of langerhans are there?

A

about 1 million

99
Q

How many types of cells are in the islets of langerhans?

A

4

100
Q

what are the names of the 4 types of cells in the islets of langerhans

A

Alpha cells
Beta cells
Delta cells
F cells

101
Q

what do alpha cells (in the islets of langerhans) secrete?

A

glucagon

102
Q

what do beta cells (in the islets of langerhans secrete)?

A

insulin

103
Q

What do Delta cells secrete? :

A

somatostatin (growth hormone)

104
Q

What do F cells secrete in the islet of langerhans?

A

pancreatic polypeptide (reduces appetite when full)

105
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

a condition where the beta cells (producers of insulin) in the pancreatic islets are destroyed so don’t produce insulin

106
Q

What happens in diabetes mellitus?

A

blood glucose can increase dramatically and glucose spills over into the urine

107
Q

what type of disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus?

A

an autoimmune disease

108
Q

what sort of onset does diabetes mellitus have and at what age?

A

sudden onset, mainly in children

109
Q

What happens to the beta cells in type 1 diabetes mellitus?

A

they are destroyed so insulin is no longer produced

110
Q

what is the cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

A

unknown, could be genetic or viral infection

111
Q

Which of the types of diabetes mellitus is more likely to develop diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

type 1 diabetes mellitus

112
Q

What is diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

where a lack of insulin causes harmful substances called ketones to build up in the blood, can be life threatening

113
Q

what are the 3 treatments of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

A
  1. blood monitoring throughout day
  2. injecting insulin
  3. closed loop monitoring (insulin pump and glucose monitor)
114
Q

what is the most common form of diabetes mellitus?

A

type 2

115
Q

what happens to the islets in type 2 diabetes mellitus?

A

they still make insulin but the tissues become resistant

116
Q

what are 4 causes of DM2?

A

obesity
sedentary lifestyle
aging
genetic factors

117
Q

how is type 2 DM treated?

A

usually through controlling diet

Anatomy and physiology (18 decks)

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