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Upper digestive tract 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

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2
Q

Where is the nasopharynx located?

A

Posterior to the nasal cavity and above the soft palate.

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3
Q

What is the main function of the nasopharynx?

A

It allows the passage of air from the nasal cavity to the oropharynx.

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4
Q

What structure connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear?

A

The auditory (Eustachian) tube.

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5
Q

Where is the oropharynx located?

A

Between the soft palate and the superior border of the epiglottis.

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6
Q

What are the tonsils located in the oropharynx?

A

Palatine tonsils.

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7
Q

Where is the laryngopharynx located?

A

From the epiglottis to the beginning of the esophagus.

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8
Q

What is the function of the laryngopharynx?

A

It conducts food and air toward the esophagus and larynx respectively.

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9
Q

What is the hyoid bone?

A

A U-shaped bone in the anterior neck that does not articulate with other bones.

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10
Q

What muscles attach to the hyoid bone?

A

Suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles.

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11
Q

What is the primary function of the hyoid bone?

A

It supports the tongue and larynx and assists in swallowing and speech.

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12
Q

What is the larynx commonly known as?

A

The voice box.

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13
Q

What is the main function of the larynx?

A

Phonation (sound production) and protection of the lower airway.

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14
Q

What forms the anterior wall of the larynx?

A

The thyroid cartilage.

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15
Q

What is the laryngeal prominence commonly known as?

A

The Adam’s apple.

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16
Q

What lies inferior to the thyroid cartilage?

A

The cricoid cartilage.

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17
Q

What is the only complete ring of cartilage in the airway?

A

Cricoid cartilage.

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18
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located in relation to the larynx and trachea?

A

It lies just below the thyroid cartilage, surrounding the trachea.

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19
Q

Which membrane connects the hyoid bone to the thyroid cartilage?

A

Thyrohyoid membrane.

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20
Q

What structure closes the airway during swallowing?

A

The epiglottis.

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21
Q

Which muscles are intrinsic to the larynx?

A

Cricothyroid, posterior cricoarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, and vocalis.

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22
Q

Which muscle tenses the vocal cords?

A

Cricothyroid muscle.

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23
Q

Which muscle abducts the vocal cords (opens the airway)?

A

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle.

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24
Q

Which nerve innervates most intrinsic laryngeal muscles?

A

Recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X).

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25
What innervates the cricothyroid muscle?
The external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (from CN X).
26
Where does the trachea begin?
At the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (C6 level).
27
Where is the oesophagus located in relation to the trachea?
Posterior to the trachea.
28
What is the structure of the trachea?
A tube with C-shaped cartilage rings and smooth muscle posteriorly.
29
What muscle bridges the open part of the tracheal rings?
Trachealis muscle.
30
What does the trachea bifurcate into?
Left and right main bronchi.
31
What is the carotid sheath?
A fascial compartment in the neck enclosing major neurovascular structures.
32
What structures are contained in the carotid sheath?
* Common carotid artery * Internal carotid artery * Internal jugular vein * Vagus nerve (CN X)
33
Where is the carotid sheath located anatomically?
Deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
34
What is the carotid sinus?
A dilated portion of the internal carotid artery containing baroreceptors.
35
What is the function of the carotid sinus?
Regulation of blood pressure.
36
What nerve innervates the carotid sinus?
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).
37
What are the three stages of swallowing (deglutition)?
* Oral phase * Pharyngeal phase * Esophageal phase
38
Is the oral phase of swallowing voluntary or involuntary?
Voluntary.
39
What happens during the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?
The soft palate and epiglottis close off the nasal cavity and airway, respectively.
40
What happens during the esophageal phase of swallowing?
Peristalsis propels the bolus toward the stomach.
41
What muscles contract to elevate the pharynx during swallowing?
* Stylopharyngeus * Salpingopharyngeus * Palatopharyngeus
42
What cranial nerves are involved in swallowing?
* CN IX (glossopharyngeal) * CN X (vagus) * CN XII (hypoglossal)
43
What prevents aspiration during swallowing?
Closure of the vocal cords and elevation of the larynx.
44
What is the role of the upper esophageal sphincter?
Prevents air from entering the esophagus during breathing.
45
What is the term for difficulty swallowing?
Dysphagia.
46
What does the vagus nerve innervate in the upper GI tract?
Pharyngeal muscles, larynx, soft palate, esophagus.
47
Where does the recurrent laryngeal nerve branch from the vagus?
In the thorax (right loops around subclavian artery; left around aortic arch).
48
What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve supply?
All intrinsic laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid.
49
What structure lies directly posterior to the trachea?
The esophagus.
50
What is the innermost layer of the esophagus?
Mucosa (stratified squamous epithelium).
51
What cranial nerve is the facial nerve?
Cranial nerve VII (CN VII).
52
What are the five terminal branches of the facial nerve?
* Temporal * Zygomatic * Buccal * Mandibular * Cervical
53
What is the main motor function of the facial nerve?
It innervates the muscles of facial expression.
54
Does the facial nerve provide any sensory function?
Yes, taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue (via chorda tympani).
55
What gland does the facial nerve pass through?
The parotid gland (but it does not innervate it).
56
What cranial nerve is the trigeminal nerve?
Cranial nerve V (CN V).
57
What are the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve?
* Ophthalmic (V1) * Maxillary (V2) * Mandibular (V3)
58
Which branch of CN V supplies the upper jaw?
Maxillary nerve (V2).
59
Which branch of CN V supplies the lower jaw?
Mandibular nerve (V3).
60
What type of fibers does V3 carry?
Both sensory and motor fibers.
61
Which muscles are innervated by V3?
* Muscles of mastication * Mylohyoid * Anterior belly of digastric * Tensor veli palatini * Tensor tympani
62
What cranial nerve is the vagus nerve?
Cranial nerve X (CN X).
63
Where does the vagus nerve travel in the neck?
Within the carotid sheath between the internal jugular vein and carotid artery.
64
What are major branches of the vagus nerve in the neck?
* Superior laryngeal nerve * Recurrent laryngeal nerve
65
What is the function of the superior laryngeal nerve?
Innervates cricothyroid muscle and provides sensory to the larynx above vocal cords.
66
What is the function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
Motor to all intrinsic laryngeal muscles (except cricothyroid); sensory below vocal cords.
67
Where does the common carotid artery bifurcate?
At the level of C3–C4 (upper border of thyroid cartilage).
68
What does the internal carotid artery supply?
The brain and eyes.
69
What does the external carotid artery supply?
The face, oral cavity, pharynx, and scalp.
70
What artery supplies the lips and facial muscles?
The facial artery (branch of external carotid).
71
Where does the facial artery run?
It curves around the inferior border of the mandible and ascends toward the medial angle of the eye.
72
What artery supplies the tongue?
The lingual artery.
73
What is the main venous drainage of the face?
The facial vein.
74
Where does the facial vein drain?
Into the internal jugular vein.
75
What vein drains most of the brain?
Internal jugular vein.
76
What does the external jugular vein drain?
The superficial face and scalp.
77
Where does the external jugular vein empty?
Into the subclavian vein.
78
What vein is deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Internal jugular vein.
79
What lymph nodes are located beneath the chin?
Submental lymph nodes.
80
What lymph nodes are located beneath the mandible?
Submandibular lymph nodes.
81
What are the deep cervical lymph nodes?
Lymph nodes located along the internal jugular vein.
82
What is the jugulodigastric node?
A large deep cervical lymph node that receives drainage from the tonsils and pharynx.
83
What is the jugulo-omohyoid node?
A deep cervical node associated with tongue drainage.
84
Where does lymph from the face and mouth ultimately drain?
Into the deep cervical lymph nodes.
85
What is Waldeyer's ring?
A ring of lymphoid tissue (tonsils) around the pharynx.
86
What are the components of Waldeyer’s ring?
* Palatine tonsils * Lingual tonsils * Pharyngeal tonsils * Tubal tonsils
87
Where does lymph from the tongue drain?
To submental, submandibular, and deep cervical lymph nodes.
88
What is the thoracic duct?
The main lymphatic duct draining the lower body and left upper quadrant into the left subclavian vein.
89
What is the right lymphatic duct?
A duct that drains the right head, neck, and upper limb into the right subclavian vein.
90
What is the clinical significance of the carotid sinus?
It can trigger reflex bradycardia if stimulated (e.g., during carotid massage).
91
What structure should be avoided during neck surgery due to its proximity to the thyroid gland?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve.
92
What is Horner’s syndrome?
A condition due to interruption of sympathetic pathways, presenting with ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis.
93
What is a tracheostomy?
A surgical opening into the trachea to assist breathing.
94
Where is a cricothyrotomy performed?
Between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage.
95
What is the danger triangle of the face?
Area from the corners of the mouth to the bridge of the nose — infections can spread to the brain via facial veins.
96
What is the clinical relevance of the internal jugular vein?
Common site for central venous catheter insertion.
97
Why is the facial vein a potential route for intracranial infection?
It has no valves and communicates with the cavernous sinus via the angular and ophthalmic veins.
98
What is the retropharyngeal space?
A potential space between the pharynx and prevertebral fascia — site of possible deep neck infections.
99
What lymph nodes enlarge with tonsillitis?
Jugulodigastric nodes.
100
What is the role of lymphatics in the upper GI tract?
Drain interstitial fluid, filter pathogens, and transport immune cells.

Biomed (26 decks)

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