Seen Q3 fill in the gaps

Question 1

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a ______ disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia.

Answer 1

metabolic

Question 2

T2DM is caused by a combination of insulin resistance and pancreatic ______ dysfunction.

Answer 2

β-cell

Question 3

Hyperglycemia means raised ______ levels.

Answer 3

blood sugar

Question 4

The pathogenesis of T2DM involves several ______ processes.

Answer 4

interrelated

Question 5

T2DM results in persistent ______ and metabolic disturbances.

Answer 5

hyperglycemia

Question 6

Insulin resistance arises when peripheral tissues show a diminished response to ______.

Answer 6

insulin

Question 7

Peripheral tissues affected by insulin resistance include skeletal muscle, ______ tissue, and the liver.

Answer 7

adipose

Question 8

In skeletal muscle, insulin resistance impairs glucose ______.

Answer 8

uptake

Question 9

Reduced glucose uptake in muscle leads to decreased ______ synthesis.

Answer 9

glycogen

Question 10

Insulin resistance in adipose tissue leads to increased ______.

Answer 10

lipolysis

Question 11

Increased lipolysis raises levels of ______ in the blood.

Answer 11

free fatty acids

Question 12

In the liver, insulin resistance fails to suppress ______.

Answer 12

gluconeogenesis

Question 13

Hepatic gluconeogenesis leads to excessive ______ production.

Answer 13

glucose

Question 14

Collectively, tissue insulin resistance contributes to elevated ______ levels.

Answer 14

blood glucose

Question 15

Pancreatic β-cells initially compensate by increasing ______ secretion.

Answer 15

insulin

Question 16

Over time, this compensation leads to β-cell ______.

Answer 16

exhaustion

Question 17

β-cell exhaustion causes a decline in ______ production.

Answer 17

insulin

Question 18

Chronic high glucose causes ______, damaging β-cells.

Answer 18

glucotoxicity

Question 19

High levels of fatty acids cause ______ in β-cells.

Answer 19

lipotoxicity

Question 20

Reactive oxygen species lead to ______ stress in β-cells.

Answer 20

oxidative

Question 21

Protein misfolding in β-cells causes ______ reticulum stress.

Answer 21

endoplasmic

Question 22

Loss of functional β-cell mass impairs the body’s ability to maintain ______.

Answer 22

normoglycemia

Question 23

A family history of diabetes increases ______ to T2DM.

Answer 23

susceptibility

Question 24

Environmental factors like ______ lifestyle increase T2DM risk.

Answer 24

sedentary

Question 25

Excessive caloric intake often leads to ______.

Answer 25

obesity

Question 26

Obesity, especially ______ adiposity, worsens insulin resistance.

Answer 26

central

Question 27

Obese adipose tissue is infiltrated by ______ and immune cells.

Answer 27

macrophages

Question 28

This leads to chronic low-grade ______.

Answer 28

inflammation

Question 29

Inflammation contributes to insulin resistance through ______ cytokines.

Answer 29

pro-inflammatory

Question 30

Key cytokines include TNF-α and ______.

Answer 30

IL-6

Question 31

These cytokines interfere with insulin ______ pathways.

Answer 31

signalling

Question 32

Incretins enhance insulin secretion after a ______.

Answer 32

meal

Question 33

GLP-1 is an important ______ hormone.

Answer 33

incretin

Question 34

In T2DM, the incretin effect is often ______.

Answer 34

diminished

Question 35

Reduced incretin response leads to inadequate insulin release and ______ hyperglycemia.

Answer 35

postprandial

Question 36

T2DM is characterized by persistent ______.

Answer 36

hyperglycemia

Question 37

Glucotoxicity refers to damage caused by high levels of ______.

Answer 37

glucose

Question 38

Lipotoxicity is caused by elevated levels of ______.

Answer 38

fatty acids

Question 39

Normoglycemia refers to ______ blood glucose levels.

Answer 39

normal

Question 40

GLP-1 enhances insulin secretion and suppresses ______ release.

Answer 40

glucagon

Question 41

Insulin resistance results in decreased glucose uptake and increased ______ production.

Answer 41

glucose

Question 42

Skeletal muscle is a major site of ______-mediated glucose uptake.

Answer 42

insulin

Question 43

Obesity increases release of inflammatory ______ from adipose tissue.

Answer 43

cytokines

Question 44

In β-cells, oxidative stress leads to cellular ______.

Answer 44

damage

Question 45

Fatty acids that impair β-cell function are an example of ______.

Answer 45

lipotoxicity

Question 46

Excessive hepatic gluconeogenesis contributes to fasting ______.

Answer 46

hyperglycemia

Question 47

β-cell compensation eventually becomes ______.

Answer 47

unsustainable

Question 48

The incretin effect is normally stronger with ______ glucose intake.

Answer 48

oral

Question 49

T2DM develops when insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction occur ______.

Answer 49

together

Question 50

Adipose-derived TNF-α and IL-6 interfere with insulin ______.

Answer 50

action

Question 51

Postprandial hyperglycemia occurs after ______.

Answer 51

eating

Question 52

Chronic inflammation is triggered by immune cell infiltration in ______ tissue.

Answer 52

adipose

Question 53

TNF-α and IL-6 are examples of ______ markers.

Answer 53

inflammatory

Question 54

The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in ______ protein folding.

Answer 54

intracellular

Question 55

Excess fatty acids disrupt insulin ______ in tissues.

Answer 55

signaling

Question 56

GLP-1 is secreted by the ______ in response to nutrients.

Answer 56

gut

Question 57

β-cell failure results in impaired insulin ______.

Answer 57

secretion

Question 58

The liver becomes a source of excess ______ in insulin resistance.

Answer 58

glucose

Question 59

Skeletal muscle's role in glucose metabolism is to ______ glucose from the blood.

Answer 59

absorb

Question 60

Adipose insulin resistance leads to increased fat ______.

Answer 60

breakdown

Question 61

In T2DM, fasting and postprandial ______ are both elevated.

Answer 61

glucose

Question 62

Oxidative stress contributes to β-cell ______.

Answer 62

dysfunction

Question 63

Inflammation from visceral fat contributes to systemic ______ resistance.

Answer 63

insulin

Question 64

β-cell mass and function are gradually ______ in T2DM.

Answer 64

lost

Question 65

Reduced β-cell response contributes to poor ______ control.

Answer 65

glucose

Question 66

Normoglycemia requires effective insulin production and ______ response.

Answer 66

tissue

Question 67

Central adiposity is strongly linked to ______ resistance.

Answer 67

insulin

Question 68

Persistent high glucose levels over time cause ______ damage.

Answer 68

cellular

Question 69

Inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 impair insulin ______.

Answer 69

action

Question 70

TNF-α is secreted by immune cells in ______ tissue.

Answer 70

fat

Question 71

The pancreas contains β-cells within the islets of ______.

Answer 71

Langerhans

Question 72

Incretin hormones are impaired in both secretion and ______.

Answer 72

effect

Question 73

Lipotoxicity disrupts normal ______ function.

Answer 73

β-cell

Question 74

T2DM is a progressive condition that worsens over ______.

Answer 74

time

Question 75

Insulin's primary role is to promote ______ uptake into cells.

Answer 75

glucose

Question 76

In obesity, adipocytes increase in ______ and number.

Answer 76

size

Question 77

Fatty acid buildup leads to mitochondrial ______ in cells.

Answer 77

dysfunction

Question 78

T2DM risk is higher in those with a ______ history of diabetes.

Answer 78

family

Question 79

In early T2DM, the body compensates by producing more ______.

Answer 79

insulin

Question 80

Long-term compensation leads to β-cell ______.

Answer 80

failure

Question 81

The incretin effect refers to greater insulin response from ______ glucose intake.

Answer 81

oral

Question 82

Insulin normally suppresses hepatic ______ production.

Answer 82

glucose

Question 83

Without insulin, hepatic gluconeogenesis remains ______.

Answer 83

active