Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
Which nerve root is associated with the lateral shoulder?
A
C5
2
Q
What is the myotome responsible for hip flexion?
A
L1 & L2
3
Q
Fill in the blank: The radial forearm and thumb are associated with the _______.
A
C6
4
Q
Which myotomes are involved in flexing the arm?
A
C5, C6
5
Q
True or False: The little toe is associated with the myotome S1.
A
True
6
Q
What is the nerve root for adduction of the thigh?
A
L2-4
7
Q
List the dermatomes for the upper limb.
A
- Lateral Shoulder: C5
- Radial forearm, thumb: C6
- Medial forearm, forefinger, middle finger, lateral side of ring finger: C7
- Ulnar forearm, little finger, medial ring finger: C8
- Medial arm, elbow: T1
- Axilla: T2
8
Q
What myotomes are involved in plantar flexion?
A
S1 & S2
9
Q
What is the function of C7 and C8 in the upper limb?
A
C7: Extend the arm, flex and extend fingers; C8: Flex and extend wrist.
10
Q
Fill in the blank: The medial big toe corresponds to the myotome _______.
A
L4
11
Q
Which nerve root is associated with the flexion of the knee?
A
L5-S2
12
Q
List the myotomes for the lower limb.
A
- Inguinal ligament: L1
- Lateral thigh: L2
- Lower medial thigh: L3
- Medial big toe: L4
- Medial digit 2: L5
- Little toe: S1
- Back of thigh: S2
- Gluteal fold: S3
- Perineum: S4 & S5
13
Q
Fill in the blank: The radial forearm and thumb are associated with the _______.
A
C6
14
Q
Dermatomes of the lower limb
A
Inguinal ligament L1
Lateral thigh L2
Lower medial thigh L3
Medial big toe L4
Medial digit 2 L5
Little toe S1
Back of thigh S2
Gluteal fold S3
Perineum S4&5
15
Q
Myotomes of the upper limb
A
Abduct the Shoulder C5
Adduct the Shoulder C6,7,8
Flex the Arm C5,6
Extend the Arm C7,8
Supinate C5,6
Pronate C7,8
Flex and Extend Wrist C6,7
Flex and Extend Fingers C7,8
Ab/adduction of digits T1
16
Q
What is the role of the peripheral nervous system in the limbs?
A
It connects the central nervous system to limbs, allowing for sensory and motor functions.
17
Q
How does the peripheral nervous system relate to the meridian system in TCM?
A
It aligns with meridian pathways, influencing acupuncture points and energy flow.
18
Q
What is a dermatome?
A
An area of skin supplied by sensory fibers from a single spinal nerve.
19
Q
Which spinal nerve corresponds to the lateral shoulder dermatome?
A
C5.
20
Q
What area does the C6 dermatome cover?
A
Radial forearm and thumb.
21
Q
Which fingers are covered by the C7 dermatome?
A
Forefinger, middle finger, and lateral side of the ring finger.
22
Q
What is the C8 dermatome responsible for?
A
Ulnar forearm, little finger, and medial ring finger.
23
Q
Where is the T1 dermatome located?
A
Medial arm and elbow.
24
Q
Which dermatome is found at the axilla?
A
T2.
25
Which nerve roots control shoulder abduction?
C5.
26
Which nerves are responsible for shoulder adduction?
C6, C7, C8.
27
What action is associated with C5 and C6 myotomes?
Arm flexion.
28
Which myotomes control arm extension?
C7 and C8.
29
What is the function of the C5 and C6 myotomes in the forearm?
Supination.
30
Which myotomes are involved in pronation of the forearm?
C7 and C8.
31
Which myotomes control wrist flexion and extension?
C6 and C7.
32
What movements are controlled by C7 and C8 in the fingers?
Flexion and extension.
33
Which myotome is responsible for finger ab/adduction?
T1.
34
Where is the L1 dermatome located in the lower limb?
Inguinal ligament area.
35
What area does the L2 dermatome cover?
Lateral thigh.
36
Which dermatome is found on the lower medial thigh?
L3.
37
What area does the L4 dermatome cover?
Medial big toe.
38
Which dermatome covers the medial second digit?
L5.
39
Where is the S1 dermatome found?
Little toe.
40
What area does the S2 dermatome cover?
Back of the thigh.
41
Which dermatome is located at the gluteal fold?
S3.
42
What is the S4 and S5 dermatomes’ role?
They cover the perineum.
43
What action is controlled by the L1 and L2 myotomes?
Hip flexion.
44
Which myotome is responsible for hip extension?
S1.
45
What action do the L2-L4 myotomes control in the thigh?
Adduction.
46
Which myotomes control thigh abduction?
L4-S1.
47
What movement is controlled by the L3 and L4 myotomes?
Knee extension.
48
Which myotomes are responsible for knee flexion?
L5-S2.
49
What action is controlled by the S1 and S2 myotomes?
Plantar flexion.
50
Which myotomes control digit adduction in the lower limb?
S2 and S3.
51
What supplies blood to the base of the brain?
The Circle of Willis.
52
Why is understanding brain blood flow important in stroke cases?
It helps explain the symptoms based on which areas are deprived of blood.
53
What is a myotome?
A group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve root.
54
Which spinal nerves are involved in wrist movements?
C6 and C7.
55
How does the TCM meridian system relate to the nervous system?
It parallels pathways of nerves and blood vessels.
56
Which nerves control finger movements?
C7, C8, and T1.
57
What is the significance of the inguinal ligament dermatome (L1)?
It marks a key transition area for nerve distribution in the lower limb.
58
How does the nervous system influence acupuncture treatment plans?
By targeting nerve pathways corresponding to acupuncture points.
59
What is the role of the T1 myotome?
Controls ab/adduction of digits.
60
Which myotomes are involved in hip abduction?
L4-S1.
61
What is the function of the S1 myotome in the foot?
Controls plantar flexion.
62
Which spinal nerves are responsible for forearm pronation?
C7 and C8.
63
How does the blood supply to the brain influence nerve function?
Adequate blood flow is necessary for proper nerve signaling.
64
Which dermatome covers the back of the thigh?
S2.
65
What is the clinical relevance of dermatomes in diagnosis?
Helps pinpoint nerve or spinal cord injuries based on sensory deficits.
66
What is the primary function of the central nervous system (CNS)?
To process information and coordinate the body's response.
67
What structures make up the CNS?
The brain and spinal cord.
68
What is the role of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
To connect the CNS to limbs and organs.
69
Which system controls voluntary movements?
The somatic nervous system.
70
What part of the nervous system manages involuntary functions?
The autonomic nervous system (ANS).
71
What are the two divisions of the ANS?
* Sympathetic system
* Parasympathetic system
72
What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?
It prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses.
73
What does the parasympathetic nervous system control?
Rest and digest functions.
74
What is a neuron?
A nerve cell that transmits electrical impulses.
75
What are the main parts of a neuron?
* Cell body
* Axon
* Dendrites
76
What is the function of dendrites?
To receive electrical signals.
77
What role does the axon play in a neuron?
It transmits impulses away from the cell body.
78
What is a synapse?
A junction between two neurons for signal transmission.
79
What chemical is used to transmit signals across a synapse?
Neurotransmitters.
80
Which neurotransmitter is commonly associated with muscle movement?
Acetylcholine.
81
What is the myelin sheath's function?
To insulate axons and speed up signal transmission.
82
Which cells produce the myelin sheath in the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes.
83
What cells produce myelin in the PNS?
Schwann cells.
84
What is a reflex arc?
A pathway that mediates a reflex action.
85
What is the blood-brain barrier?
A selective barrier that protects the brain from harmful substances.
86
What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
To cushion the brain and spinal cord.
87
Where is CSF produced?
In the ventricles of the brain.
88
What is the role of the cerebellum?
To coordinate voluntary movements and balance.
89
What part of the brain regulates vital functions like heart rate?
The medulla oblongata.
90
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for vision?
The occipital lobe.
91
What is the main function of the frontal lobe?
Decision-making and problem-solving.
92
Which lobe processes sensory information like touch and pain?
The parietal lobe.
93
What is the temporal lobe responsible for?
Auditory processing and memory.
94
What is a nerve plexus?
A network of interlacing nerves.
95
Name a major nerve plexus in the upper body.
The brachial plexus.
96
What is the main nerve of the cervical plexus?
The phrenic nerve.
97
Which nerve is known as the 'funny bone'?
The ulnar nerve.
98
What is the role of the sciatic nerve?
To supply the lower limbs.
99
Where does the sciatic nerve originate?
L4 to S3 spinal nerves.
100
What are interneurons?
Neurons that connect sensory and motor pathways.
101
What type of neuron transmits impulses from receptors to the CNS?
Sensory neurons (afferent).
102
Which neurons carry impulses from the CNS to muscles?
Motor neurons (efferent).
103
What is neuroplasticity?
The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new connections.
104
What is a neurotransmitter's primary function?
To transmit signals across synapses.
105
Which neurotransmitter is linked to mood and well-being?
Serotonin.
106
What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS?
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid).
107
Which neurotransmitter is associated with pleasure and reward?
Dopamine.
108
What is the primary function of the thalamus?
To relay sensory information to the cortex.
109
Which brain structure is responsible for regulating emotions?
The amygdala.
110
What part of the brain is involved in forming new memories?
The hippocampus.
111
Which area controls speech production?
Broca's area.
112
What is the role of Wernicke's area?
Understanding spoken and written language.
113
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
Twelve pairs.
114
What is the role of the vagus nerve?
To control heart rate, digestion, and other parasympathetic functions.
115
Which nerve is involved in the sense of smell?
The olfactory nerve (Cranial Nerve I).
116
What is the function of the optic nerve (Cranial Nerve II)?
Vision.
117
Which cranial nerve controls eye movement?
The oculomotor nerve (Cranial Nerve III).
118
What is the function of the trochlear nerve (Cranial Nerve IV)?
Controls the superior oblique muscle for eye movement.
119
Which nerve is responsible for facial sensations and chewing?
The trigeminal nerve (Cranial Nerve V).
120
What does the abducens nerve (Cranial Nerve VI) control?
Lateral eye movement.
121
Which nerve is involved in facial expression?
The facial nerve (Cranial Nerve VII).
122
What is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve (Cranial Nerve VIII)?
Hearing and balance.
123
Which cranial nerve is responsible for taste on the posterior third of the tongue?
The glossopharyngeal nerve (Cranial Nerve IX).
124
What does the accessory nerve (Cranial Nerve XI) control?
Movement of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.
125
Which nerve is responsible for tongue movements?
The hypoglossal nerve (Cranial Nerve XII).
126
What is the role of Schwann cells in nerve repair?
They help regenerate damaged peripheral nerve fibers.
127
How many spinal nerve pairs are there?
31 pairs.
128
What is a ganglion?
A cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS.
129
What type of neurons are found in the dorsal root ganglia?
Sensory neurons.
130
What is the role of the ventral root in spinal nerves?
Carries motor information from the CNS to muscles.
131
What is an effector in the nervous system?
A muscle or gland that responds to motor signals.
132
Which receptors detect changes in temperature?
Thermoreceptors.
133
What type of receptor responds to pain stimuli?
Nociceptors.
134
Which receptors detect touch and pressure?
Mechanoreceptors.
135
What is the function of proprioceptors?
To detect body position and movement.
136
Which spinal nerves form the lumbar plexus?
L1 to L4.
137
What is the main nerve of the lumbar plexus?
The femoral nerve.
138
What is the sacral plexus responsible for?
Innervating the lower limbs.
139
Which neurotransmitter is linked to the 'fight or flight' response?
Norepinephrine.
140
What is saltatory conduction?
The rapid transmission of nerve impulses along myelinated axons.
141
Which type of glial cell forms the blood-brain barrier?
Astrocytes.
142
What is the function of microglia?
To act as immune cells in the CNS.
143
What is a resting membrane potential?
The electrical charge difference across a neuron's membrane at rest.
144
What ion is primarily responsible for depolarization during an action potential?
Sodium (Na+).
145
What ion is involved in repolarization of a neuron?
Potassium (K+).
146
What is hyperpolarization in neurons?
An increase in membrane potential making it more negative.
147
What is the refractory period?
A period during which a neuron cannot fire another action potential.
148
What role does calcium play at synapses?
Triggers neurotransmitter release.
149
Which part of the brain is known as the 'emotional brain'?
The limbic system.
150
What is the function of the reticular formation?
To regulate sleep-wake cycles and consciousness.
151
Where is Broca's area located?
In the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere.
152
What condition is caused by damage to Wernicke's area?
Receptive aphasia (difficulty understanding language).
153
What are basal ganglia responsible for?
Regulating voluntary motor movements.
154
Which structure connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
The corpus callosum.
155
What is the function of the pineal gland?
To regulate sleep-wake cycles by producing melatonin.
156
Which structure in the brain regulates homeostasis?
The hypothalamus.
157
What is the function of the superior colliculi?
To coordinate head and eye movements.
158
Which brain waves are associated with deep sleep?
Delta waves.
159
What is the role of the arachnoid mater?
A protective membrane covering the brain and spinal cord.
160
What is an epidural hematoma?
Bleeding between the dura mater and the skull.
161
Which cranial nerve is involved in swallowing and speech?
The vagus nerve (Cranial Nerve X).
162
What type of neuron has one axon and one dendrite?
Bipolar neurons.
163
What is the main function of unipolar neurons?
Sensory transmission.
164
What are ependymal cells responsible for?
Producing cerebrospinal fluid.
165
What is a mixed nerve?
A nerve containing both sensory and motor fibers.
