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Biomed > Musculoskeletal - Helen's quiz > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal - Helen's quiz Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A

Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production

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2
Q

What are the differences between compact and spongy bone?

A

Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer; spongy bone is lighter and contains trabeculae

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3
Q

What are the different types of bone marrow and what are their purposes?

A

Red marrow (produces blood cells), yellow marrow (stores fat)

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4
Q

Name the different types of bone cells and their function

A
  • Osteoblasts (bone formation)
  • Osteocytes (maintenance)
  • Osteoclasts (bone resorption)
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5
Q

What can make bones stronger?

A

Weight-bearing exercise, adequate calcium and vitamin D intake

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6
Q

What can make bones weaker?

A

Lack of exercise, poor nutrition, certain medical conditions

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7
Q

Which hormones are involved in bone production and remodelling?

A

Calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, estrogen, testosterone

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8
Q

Name the three types of joints

A
  • Fibrous
  • Cartilaginous
  • Synovial
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9
Q

What are the six types of synovial joints?

A
  • Hinge
  • Ball and socket
  • Pivot
  • Saddle
  • Plane
  • Condyloid
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10
Q

What is the purpose of a ligament?

A

Connects bone to bone and stabilizes joints

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11
Q

What is the purpose of a tendon?

A

Connects muscle to bone and facilitates movement

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12
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A
  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac
  • Smooth
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13
Q

Which type of muscle is voluntary?

A

Skeletal muscle

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14
Q

Which type(s) of muscle are involuntary?

A
  • Cardiac
  • Smooth
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15
Q

What are the functions of muscle?

A
  • Movement
  • Posture
  • Heat production
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16
Q

What are the properties of muscle?

A
  • Contractility
  • Excitability
  • Extensibility
  • Elasticity
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17
Q

What is the contractile element of a muscle cell?

A

Myofibrils

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18
Q

What are the types of muscle fibres?

A
  • Type I (slow-twitch)
  • Type II (fast-twitch)
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19
Q

What are the three types of muscle contraction?

A
  • Isometric
  • Concentric
  • Eccentric
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20
Q

List the three movements that can occur in the spine

A
  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Rotation
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21
Q

Which movements occur in the superior and inferior radioulnar joint?

A
  • Supination
  • Pronation
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22
Q

What are the bony protuberances called on the distal end of the humerus (one medial and one lateral)?

A
  • Medial epicondyle
  • Lateral epicondyle
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23
Q

If biceps brachii is the agonist, which is the antagonist?

A

Triceps brachii

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24
Q

Name the rotator cuff muscles

A
  • Supraspinatus
  • Infraspinatus
  • Teres minor
  • Subscapularis
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25
Which muscle starts abduction of the glenohumeral joint?
Supraspinatus
26
Which large triangular shaped muscle takes over abduction of the glenohumeral joint after 30-45 degrees?
Deltoid
27
What is the purpose of a labrum?
Deepens the socket of a joint to provide stability
28
What is the purpose of a bursa?
Reduces friction between moving structures
29
What is the bony protrusion called at the distal end of the sternum?
Xiphoid process
30
How many ribs do we have and how many are attached to the sternum?
24 ribs total; 14 are attached directly to the sternum
31
Is the sternoclavicular joint synovial?
True
32
What is the difference in C1 and C2 compared with the rest of the cervical spine?
C1 (atlas) lacks a body; C2 (axis) has a dens
33
What goes through a foramen in the cervical spine but not in the thoracic or lumbar spine?
Vertebral artery
34
What is the purpose of a retinaculum?
Holds tendons in place
35
Which structure is affected in a ‘frozen shoulder’?
Shoulder joint capsule
36
Is the shoulder a ball and socket joint?
True
37
What does the carpal tunnel do? Which nerve runs through it?
Allows passage of flexor tendons and median nerve
38
What is the bony prominence called on the ulnar side of the wrists?
Ulnar styloid process
39
List 3 places that a disc lays between 2 bones (not including the vertebral bones)
* Knee * Shoulder * Pelvis
40
What is the purpose of a disc?
Acts as a shock absorber and allows for movement
41
What is the bony protrusion called that comes from the centre of the vertebra?
Vertebral body
42
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7 cervical vertebrae
43
What is the joint called between one vertebra and the one above/below?
Intervertebral joint
44
What are the 2 main components of a vertebral disc?
* Nucleus pulposus * Annulus fibrosus
45
What are the bony protuberances called on either side of the vertebral body?
Transverse processes
46
How many cervical nerves are there?
8 cervical nerves
47
Why are the lumbar vertebral bodies larger than the cervical vertebral bodies?
To support more weight
48
What structure runs through the vertebral foramen?
Spinal cord
49
Name the 4 abdominal muscles
* Rectus abdominis * External oblique * Internal oblique * Transverse abdominis
50
Differences between a male and female pelvis?
* Female pelvis is wider and has a larger inlet * Male pelvis is narrower and more robust
51
What is the importance of the spring (plantar calcaneonavicular) ligament?
Supports the medial longitudinal arch of the foot
52
Are low arches bad?
False; they can be normal but may lead to issues in some individuals
53
If you adduct your thigh, which movement are you doing?
Moving it towards the midline
54
What is the structure affected in ‘student’s bottom’?
Ischial bursitis
55
Does the fibula head move?
False; it is a fixed structure
56
What are the bony protuberances called that we sit on?
Ischial tuberosities
57
How many parts does the quadriceps muscle have? Name them
4 parts: * Rectus femoris * Vastus lateralis * Vastus medialis * Vastus intermedius
58
How many parts does the hamstring muscle have? Name them
3 parts: * Biceps femoris * Semitendinosus * Semimembranosus
59
Which is the larger bone – the tibia or the fibula?
Tibia
60
What is the bony protuberance called that is on the lateral thigh below the iliac crest?
Greater trochanter
61
What is the meniscus?
Crescent-shaped cartilage that provides cushioning in joints
62
Which biarticular muscle plantarflexes the ankle joint?
Gastrocnemius
63
What other important structures pass through the popliteal fossa?
Popliteal artery and vein, tibial nerve, common fibular nerve
64
What is the purpose of a sesamoid bone? Give an example of one.
Reduces stress on tendons; example: patella
65
Which knee ligaments help prevent forwards and backwards translation?
* Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) * Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
66
What is the bony protrusion below the patella on the anterior tibia?
Tibial tuberosity
67
Which knee ligaments help prevent side to side translation?
* Medial collateral ligament (MCL) * Lateral collateral ligament (LCL)
68
Why is the psoas muscle so important?
Key for hip flexion and maintaining posture
69
What slippy, glass like substance covers the ends of bones?
Articular cartilage
70
Which is the largest and thickest nerve in the body?
Sciatic nerve

Biomed (26 decks)

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