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AP PSYCH > unit 9 - memory, thinking, language > Flashcards

unit 9 - memory, thinking, language Flashcards

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1
Q

memory

A
  • any indication that learning has persisted over time
  • our ability to store and recieve information
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2
Q

flashbulb memory

A
  • a very important and emotional memory
  • may make a very meaningful and strong memory
  • ex. such as where you were during the 9/11 terrorist attacks
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3
Q

encoding

A

first stage of memory

encoding –> storage –> retrieval

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4
Q

storage

A

second stage of memory

encoding –> storage –> retrieval

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5
Q

retrieval

A

third stage of memory

encoding –> storage –> retrieval

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6
Q

information processing view of memory

A
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7
Q

working memory model

A
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8
Q

autonomic processing

A

memory that happens without effort

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9
Q

effortful processing

A

putting effort towards learning

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10
Q

rehearsal

A
  • required for effortful processing
  • conscious repetition
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11
Q

semantic memory

A

a memory based on definition
(ex. knowing what a chair is)

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12
Q

episodic memory

A

remembering an exact event
(like an episode of a tv show)

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13
Q

sensory memory

capacity, duration

A

capacity (how much): unlimited
duration: depends on the sense, but in essence, a split second

iconic memory: sensory memory of sight = .5 seconds
echoic memory: sensory memory for sound = 3-4 seconds
hepatic memory: sensory memory for touch = <1 second

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14
Q

short term memory

capacity, duration

A

capacity (how much): 7 +- 2 (5-9)
duration: 20 seconds

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15
Q

long term memory

capacity, duration

A

capacity (how much): unlimited
duration: could be forever

ebbinghaus curve: you forget most of what you learned, but what sticks stays for a long time

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16
Q

next-in-line effect

A

when in a group where each person speaks, you will forget the person’s speech who spoke right before yours

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17
Q

spacing effect

A

we learn better by studying in small bursts rather than in one large session

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18
Q

serial position effect

A

you will have a strong recall for items at the beginning and end of a list

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19
Q

semantic encoding

A

your strongest memories are created this way

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20
Q

visual encoding

A

encoding by the way something looks

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21
Q

mnemonics

A

ex. memory trick

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22
Q

method of loci

A

visualize each item in a different room in your house

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23
Q

link method

A

combine each item into a story

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24
Q

chunking

A

putting items into a meaningful unit

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25
Q

memory hierarchy

A

making different levels and sublevels by categories

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26
Q

echoic memory

A

sensory memory for sound
- 3-4 seconds

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27
Q

iconic memory

A

sensory memory of sight
- 0.5 seconds

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28
Q

hepatic memory

A

sensory memory for touch
- less than 1 second

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29
Q

long term potentiation (LTP)

A

current research into memories links them with the strengthening of synapses between neurons, and particularly to the release of the neurotransmitter serotonin

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30
Q

stress and memory

A

a little stress is good for storing memories, but too much stress is not

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31
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

when you remember everything before a certain event, but cannot form new memories after

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32
Q

explicit (declarative) memory

A

what is it?
- memory that you can state and prove you know

anterograde amnesia
- cannot form new explicit memories

  • hippocampus
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33
Q

implicit (procedural) memory

A

what is it?
- memories that you must do an action to prove

anterograde amnesia
- can form new implicit memories

  • cerebellum
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34
Q

hippocampus and memory

A

explicit memory

35
Q

cerebellum and memory

A

implicit memory

36
Q

recognition

A

identify an item amongst other choices

(ex. multiple choice)

37
Q

recall

A

directly retrieve information

(ex. fill-in-the-blank)

38
Q

relearning

A

learns something faster the second time they learn it

39
Q

retrieval cues

A

a web of associations that help you recall things from your memory

40
Q

priming

A

refers to the process of activating strands from your memory to help you remember a particular piece of information

41
Q

state dependent memory

A

the best way to retrieve a memory is to place yourself in the exact same situation that you learned that memory in

42
Q

deja vu

A
  • feeling of “I’ve experienced this before”
  • most psychologists believe this is just your brain tricking you and recalling a similar experience that your have had in the past
43
Q

mood congruent memory

A

the memories you retrieve most often match the current mood that you are in
ex. if you are happy you remember happy things

44
Q

encoding failure

A

the memory doesn’t even get into your brain

45
Q

storage decay

A

the memory is put into the brain but is lost over time

46
Q

retrieval failure

A

the memory is in your brain but you don’t know how to get to it

(tip of the tongue phenomenon)

47
Q

proactive interference

A

something old makes you forget something new

48
Q

retroactive interference

A

something new makes you forget something old

49
Q

motivated forgetting

A

people try to block out unwanted memories

50
Q

repression

A

freud’s defense mechanism that uncontiously blocked out unwanted memories

a type of motivated forgetting

51
Q

misinformation effect

A

when you encorportate misleading information into your brain of an event

52
Q

source amnesia

A

attribiuting an event to the wrong source that we experienced, heard, read, or imagined

(ex. believing you thought up a song when you actually heard the lyrics from another artist)

53
Q

thinking

A
  • or cognition
  • a process that involves knowing, understanding, remembering, and communicating
54
Q

concept

A

mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

55
Q

prototype

A

we form concepts with mental image of the best thing that will fit a given concept

ex. robin is a bird, but penguin is not

56
Q

hierarchies of thinking

A

break out like things (organizing)

57
Q

algorithm

A

try every possible combiniation until you find the correct answer (accurate but time consuming)

58
Q

heuristic

A

mental shortcut that allow us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently, less time consuming, but can lead to mistakes.

59
Q

insight

A

when you just know the answer to a problem immediately

60
Q

confirmation bias

A

when you look for facts that prove your point, while distregarding facts that don’t

61
Q

fixation

A

an inability to see another solution to a problem

62
Q

mental set

A

a tendency to keep solving a problem the same way, even if there is a better solution

ex. kicking a heater rather than calling for help

63
Q

functional fixedness

A

tendency to only think of the main purpose of an object

ex. matchbox and candle on bulletin board

64
Q

representative heuristic

A

something matches your prototype you automatically think it is the correct answer, often this can lead to incorrect assumptions

ex. if it fits your idea in your head, you likely think it is true

65
Q

avaliability heuristic

A

states that memorable things seem common

ex. slot machines in vegas

66
Q

overconfidence

A

a tendency overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

67
Q

exaggerated fear

A

a fear of something that poses little to no danger

68
Q

framing

A

when someone states something in a way that sounds favorable

ex. $10 cash, $10.50 credit card

69
Q

belief bias

A

refers to a person’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning by making invalid conclusions

70
Q

belief perservance

A

when a person clings to their beliefs even when there is evidence that those beliefs are incorrect

71
Q

language

A

our spoken, written, or gestured work, is the way that we communicate meaning to ourselves and others

72
Q

phenomes

A

the smallest distinct sound unit in a spoken language

73
Q

morphemes

A
  • the smallest unit that carries meaning
  • word or part of word
74
Q

grammar

A

the system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate with and understand each other

75
Q

semantics

A

a set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences

76
Q

syntax

A

consists of the rules for putting words in the correct order within a sentence

77
Q

babbling stage

A
  • 4 months
  • spontaneously utters various sounds
78
Q

one word stage

A
  • 1 year
  • ex. doggy –> look at the dog out there
79
Q

two word stage (telegraphic speech)

A
  • 2 years
  • (telegraphic speech)
  • “go car” –> “i would like to go for a ride in car”
80
Q

operant learning theory of language

A
  • B.F. Skinner
  • theory that language is learned by experience through rewards and punishments
  • nurture
81
Q

inborn universal grammar theory of language

A
  • Noam Chomsky
  • theory that language is so complicated, and we learn it so much faster than anything else as kids, that the fundamentals for language must already exist in the brain at birth. (he called this part of the brain the language acquisition device)
  • nature
82
Q

critical period hypothesis

A
  • theory that there is a certain time where language is learned easiest (critical period), but you must still be taught language to learn it
  • nature and nurture
83
Q

linguistic determination

A

created by whorf, states that the words you know affect what you think about
(caution: this is a theory and not a fact, many psychologists have conflicting research and do not believe this)

AP PSYCH (13 decks)

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