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AP PSYCH > unit 6 - sensation & perception > Flashcards

unit 6 - sensation & perception Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system recieve and represent stimulus energies from our environment
(ex. sight, smell, touch)

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2
Q

perception

A

the process of selecting, organizing, and interperting sensory information, which enables us to recognize meaningful objects and events

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3
Q

bottom-up processing

A

a message sent from your senses to your brain

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4
Q

top-down processing

A

your brain telling your senses what was just experienced

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5
Q

psychophysics

A

the study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli and our pyschological experience with them

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6
Q

absolute threshold

A

detect stimuli
- the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
- ex. volume in a car

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7
Q

difference threshold

A

detect a difference in stimuli
- the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time
- (just noticiable different - jnd)

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8
Q

subliminal threshold

A

can’t detect stimuli
- when stimuli are below a person’s absolute threshold
- ex. happening not aware

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9
Q

weber’s law

A

states that two stimuli need to differ by a certain difference, and not a certain amount to be percieved as different

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10
Q

signal detection theory

A

a person’s absolute threshold can change depending on the situation they are in

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11
Q

sensory adaption

A

when you continuously are stimulated by the same stimuli you will stop realizing the stimulation

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12
Q

transduction

A

the transformation of stimulus energy into neural impulses

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13
Q

phototransduction

A

the specific transfer of light enerrgy into neural impulses that the brain can understand (vision)

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14
Q

wavelength of lightwave

A

(aka: length between waves)
- determines the hue (color) of light
- (large wavelength = red; small wavelength = blue/violet)

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15
Q

amplitude of a lightwave

A

(aka: size of wave)
- related to the brightness of the light
- (high intensity = bright; low intensity = dull)

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16
Q

cornea

A

transparent tissue where light enters the eye

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17
Q

iris

A

muscle that expands and contrasts to

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18
Q

pupil

A
  • round opening in the center of your eye
  • colored tissue that makes “eye color”
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19
Q

lens

A

focuses the light rays on the retina

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20
Q

retina

A

contains sensory receptors that process visual information and sends it to the brain

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21
Q

accommodation

A

the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina

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22
Q

bipolar cells

A

goes from bipolar cells to ganglion cells

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23
Q

ganglion cells

A

comes from bipolar cells

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24
Q

fovea

A

central point in the retina around which the eyes cones cluster

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25
Q

optic nerve

A
  • carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
  • creates blind spots
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26
Q

thalamus

A

recieves information from the senses (except smell) and routes it to the brain to figure out what is going on

(sensory switchboard)

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27
Q

occipital lobe

A

(back head)
visual function (vision)

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28
Q

blindspot

A

a break in the visual field

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29
Q

nearsighted

A

if you can see near objects but far objects are blurry

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30
Q

farsighted

A

if you can see far objects but near objects are blurry

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31
Q

rods & cones

A
  • rods/cones transduce light to color and brightness
  • you have more rods than cones
  • cones in the center of the retina, rods in the periphery
  • cones see in color, rods don’t
  • rods see in the dark, cones don’t
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32
Q

feature detectors

A

nerve cells in the visual cortex respond to specific features, such as edges, angles, and movement.

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33
Q

shape detectors

A

specific combinations of temporal lobe activity occur as people look at different important objects.

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34
Q

parallel processing

A
  • processing of several aspects of the stimulus simultaneously
  • the brain divides a visual scene into sub-divisions such as color, depth, form, and movement.
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35
Q

young-helmoltz trichomatic theory

A
  • states that there are cones for: blue, green, and red.
  • every other color you can see is a combination of those.
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36
Q

subtraction of colors

A
  • paints/pigments
  • three primary colors: red, blue, yellow
  • when you combine paints you subtract wavelength, so you end up with black.
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37
Q

addition of colors

A
  • when dealing with light the three primary colors are: blue, red, and green.
  • when you mix light you add wavelength so when all are mixed together you end up with white.
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38
Q

color blindness

A
  • genetic disorder in which people are blind to green or red colors.
  • this supports the trichromatic theory.
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39
Q

opponent process theory

A

process that four colors are seen by the ganglion cells combined in pairs of red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white

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40
Q

color constancy

A
  • color of an object remains the same under different illuminations
  • however, when context changes the color of an object may look different
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41
Q

sound waves

A

composed of compression and rarefaction of air molecules

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42
Q

acoustical transduction

A

conversion of sound waves into neural impulses in the hair cells of the inner ear

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43
Q

wavelength of sound waves

A

the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next determines the pitch

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44
Q

amplitude of sound waves

A
  • amount of energy in a wave, determined by the amplitude, relates to the perceived loudness
  • the taller the wave the louder the sound.
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45
Q

pinna

A

fleshly outer part of your ear

46
Q

auditory canal

A

the hole in your ear

47
Q

eardrum

A

the vibrating part of your ear

48
Q

ossicles (three tiny bones: hammer, anvil, stirrup)

A

firing back and fourth

49
Q

oval window

A

a membrane covering the entrance to the cochlea in the inner ear

50
Q

cochlea

A

coiled, bony, snail-like fluid-filled tube in the inner ear that transforms sound vibrations to auditory signals.

51
Q

basilar membrane

A

the main mechanical element of the inner ear

52
Q

(hair cells = transduction)

A

transduction

53
Q

temporal lobe

A

(side of head)
auditory function (hearing)

54
Q

place theory

A

there are hair cells for high pitches and hair cells for low pitches, it depends where the stimulation happens.

55
Q

frequency theory

A

all hair cells can hear all pitches, it just depends on how fast the hair cells are stimulated that allow one to hear different pitches.

56
Q

sound localization

A

because we have two ears, sounds that reach one ear faster than the other ear cause us to localize the sound.

57
Q

factors that allow us to localize sound

A

intensity differences (one ear hears it louder)
time differences (one ear hears it sooner)

58
Q

conduction hearing loss

A

hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

59
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerve, also called nerve deafness

60
Q

4 basic touch sensation

A

pressure, warmth, cold, and pain

61
Q

gate-control theory of pain

A

there is a gate on our spinal cord that when open sends pain, but when shut blocks pain

62
Q

methods that can reduce pain

A

drugs, surgery, acupuncture, exercise, hypnosis, and even though distraction

63
Q

5 basic taste sensations

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami (fresh chicken)

64
Q

gustatory system

A

taste

65
Q

sensory interaction

A

when senses work together, such as, taste and smell

66
Q

olfactory system

A

smell

67
Q

kinethesis

A

knowing how your body is positioned in space

68
Q

vestibular system

A

located behind the ear is in control of your balance

69
Q

selective attention

A
  • perceptions about objects change from moment to moment
  • we can perceive different forms of the necker cube; however, we can only pay attention to one aspect of the object at a time.
70
Q

cocktail party effect

A

when there is a lot of people, you get to decide which conversation you listen to and don’t listen to the other ones

71
Q

inattentional blindness

A

the inability to see an object or a person in our midst

72
Q

change blindness

A

a form of inattentional blindness in which something is seen, but changes, and the person can’t notice the change.

73
Q

visual capture

A

when vision competes with our other senses, vision usually wins

74
Q

gestalt psychology

A

Gestalt psychologists showed that a figure formed a “whole” different than its surroundings.

75
Q

figure-ground

A

figure = what you’re concentrating on
ground = everything in the background

76
Q

proximity

A

close things are grouped together

(other Gestalt principles of organization)

77
Q

similarity

A

similar things are grouped together

(other Gestalt principles of organization)

78
Q

closure

A

things that are almost finished are “finished” by the mind

(other Gestalt principles of organization)

79
Q

continuity

A

things that start seem like they should continue

(other Gestalt principles of organization)

80
Q

connectedness

A

things that are connected are grouped together

(other Gestalt principles of organization)

81
Q

depth perspective

A

allows us to judge distances

82
Q

visual cliff

A

psychological studies done with a visual cliff (Gibson & Walker) help point to the fact that infants have that ability as well

83
Q

monocular cues

A

depth perception with one eyes

84
Q

biocular cues

A

depth perception with two eyes

85
Q

retinal disparity

A
  • a human’s 2 retinas send the brain two different pictures
  • the brain tells the slight differences between the two pictures and judges depth
86
Q

convergence

A

when objects are close the eyes move together, when they are far away the eyes spread apart, this sends info to the brain about how close or far an object is

87
Q

relative size

A

if two objects look alike, the bigger one seems closer

88
Q

interposition

A

an object that blocks another object seems like its closer

89
Q

relative clarity

A

clear things seem close, fuzzy things seem far away

90
Q

texture gradient

A

detailed things seem close, non-detailed things seem far away

91
Q

relative height

A

objects high up in our visual field of vision seem farther than objects that are low in our field of vision

92
Q

relative motion

A

when moving, and staring at a fixed point, everything above it seems to move with you, everything below it seems to move away from you

93
Q

linear perspective

A

parallel lines appear to converge in the distance, the closer the lnes appear to be the further away it seems

94
Q

light and shadow

A

bright things seem close, dark things seem far away

95
Q

immanuel kant’s (nature) view of perception

A
  • perception is inborn
  • nature
96
Q

john locke’s (nurture) view of perception

A
  • perception is learned
  • nurture
97
Q

restored vision

(what do those with restored vision see (used to be blind..)?

A

after cataract surgury, blind adults were able to regain sight

these individuals could differentiate figure and ground relationships, yet they had difficulty distinguishing a circle and triangle

98
Q

facial recognition

(what do those with restored vision see (used to be blind..)?

A

after blind adults regained sight, they were unable to recognize entire faces

99
Q

sensory deprivation

(what do those with restored vision see (used to be blind..)?

A

kitten raised without exposure to horizontal lines later had difficulty perceiving horizontal bars

100
Q

perceptual adaption

A

a visual ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field

(ex. glasses that throw you off by 30 degrees)

101
Q

perceptual set

A

when people believed that they had seen the loch ness monster they were likely experiencing it

where they had a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not the other

102
Q

schemas on facial recognition

A

children’s schemas for faces develop earlier than other body parts

face schemas are created by distinct features of the face

schemas and concepts that organize and interpret unfamiliar information

103
Q

context effects

A

the context of something can effect how you perceive it

104
Q

cultural context

A

likewise, if your culture determines what you see

105
Q

human factor psychologists

A

design machines that assist our natural perceptions

106
Q

extrasensory perception (ESP)

A

perception without sensory input

107
Q

telepathy

potential types of ESP

A
  • mind-to-mind communication
  • one person sending thoughts and the other recieving them
108
Q

clairvoyance

potential types of ESP

A

knowing what’s happening in the outside world without seeing or hearing it

109
Q

precognition

potential types of ESP

A

preceiving future events

110
Q

does ESP work?

A

most psychologists today do not believe in ESP:
- they believe people claiming ESP are very skilled at deception
- ESP has not been proven in psychological laboratories

AP PSYCH (13 decks)

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