unit 11: motivation and emotion Flashcards
motivation
a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it to a goal
instinct theory
motivation is something that all organisms are born with
drive reduction theory
the goal of drive reduction theory is homeostasis: where all of your needs are met, but not over met
need vs. incentive
drives are your body’s way of motivating you (eating food because you are hungry)
while incentives are psychological ways your mind motivates you (eating because the food looks good)
homeostasis
balance/equilibrium/stability in the body
optimal/maximum arousal theory
organisms are motivated to have the most excitement possible
maslow’s hierarchy of needs
abraham maslow (1970) suggested that certain needs have priority over others
4 things that make you physiologically hungry
physiologically hunger means your body craves food naturally. these are 4 things that make your body crave food naturally.
- hunger pangs (stomach rumblings)
- low blood sugar (glucose)
- hypothalamus centers - lateral hypothalamus (LH) & ventomedial hypothalamus (VMH) - set-point theory
- hormones can also cause hunger
lateral hypothalamus (LH)
makes you hungry
ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
stops you from eating
set-point theory
theory that says that the lateral hypothalamus and the ventromedical hypothalamus work together to keep your hunger at homeostasis
psychological hunger
- means that your body isn’t naturally hungry, or full but your brain is regulating your eating behavior
- memory plays an important role in hunger
- where you live, and what culture you are from help determine how hungry you are, and what kinds of foods you crave and eat
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person continuously loses weight but still feels overweight
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterization by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, using laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise
obesity
a disorder characterized by being excessively overweight
it increases the risk of:
- cardiovascular diseases (breathing, heart issues)
- diabetes (body stop producing insulin)
- hypertension (high blood pressure)
- arthritis (joint pain)
- back problems
reasons for eating disorders
- childhood sexual abuse does not cause eating disorders
- younger generations develop eating disorders when raised in families in which weight is an excessive concern (nurture cause)
- twin studies show that eating disorders are more likely to occur in identical twins rather than fraternal twins (nature cause)
sexual motivation
nature’s clever way of making people procreate, enabling our species to survive
masters and johnson’s 4 stages of the sexual response cycle
refractory period
times after a male orgasm when another can not be achieved (sexual motivation decreases)
hormones and sexual motivation
both males and females have both sex hormones, but males have higher levels of testosterone and females have higher levels of estrogen
sexual orientation
refers to a person’s preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individual of the same sex (homosexuality), the other sex (heterosexuality), and/or either sex (bisexuality)
- homosexuality in men is 3-4% and in women is 1-2%
- research has been done on both potential nature and nurture influences, but current research point to nature being the more influential factor
- animal homosexuality: nature link: homosexuality exists in the animal world
- the brain: brain structure tends to look different in gay and straight men
- genes and sexual orientation: a number of reasons suggest that homosexuality may be due to genetic factors
- hormones and sexual orientation: prenatal hormones affect sexual orientation during critical periods of fetal development exposed to large amounts of testosterone more likely to be attracted to females. exposed to large amounts of estrogen more likely to be attraction to males
belongingness
- our need to be loved and accepted by others
- evolutionary psychologists believe that our need to be around others aided in our survival
- protecting aganist predoders, especially for the young
- finding food
- reproducing offspring
people who tend to have close friends are happier and healthier
job
work as a way to make money
career
work as a way to move up the social latter (get promoted)
calling
work as being socially fulfilling/gratifying
flow
an immersion of one’s work, a good balance between no work and a lot of work
industrial organizational psychologist
applies psychological principles to the workplace
personnel psychologist
work with companies to hire the right employees for the job. most employers believe that they are better at hiring quality employee than they actually are. This is known as the interviewer illusion thus, personnel Psychologists are often needed.
structured interview: interviewing technique where you script all of the interview questions, and then grade candidates reponses on a predetermined rubric. The high scorer gets hired. This technique can help to eliminate bias.
organizational psychologist
works to motivate the employees that you already have one goal of organizational psychologists is achievement motivation where workers want to do well in their jobs.
interviewer illusion
most employers believe that they are better than hiring quality employees than they actually are
structured interview
interviewing technique where you script all of the interview questions and then grade candidate responses on a predetermined rubric. the high scorer gets hired. this technique can help eliminate bias
achievement motivation
where workers want to do well in their job
employee engagement
where employees feel they are an important and valueable part of the business
task leadership
tells employees exactly what needs to get done
social leadership
work more on group harmony, and lets workers take more responsiblity for their own work
type a personality
- competitive
- hard-driven
- impatient
- verbally aggressive
- anger-prone
type b personality
- easy-going
- relaxed
general adaption syndrome
your body deals with stress in three stages:
alarm
- your body warns you
resistance
- your body tries to fight the stress with a burst of adrenaline
exhaustion
- tiredness sets in from your bodies previous activation
biofeedback
- hook a subject up to a machine that measures their stress levels
- have the subject do many different stress alleviating activities and watch the computer to see what reduces the stress the most
- have them to continue to do the stress reducing activity outside of therapy
emotion
our body’s adaptive response
emotions are a mix of
1. physiological activation
2. expressive behaviors
3. conscious experience.
commonsense view of emotion
emotion –> physiological changes
james-lange theory of emotion
physiological changes –> emotions
cannon-bard theory of emotion
physiological changes, emotion (same time)
schacter-singer two factor theory of emotion
physiological arousal –> thinking (cognition) –> emotion
autonomic nervous system & emotion
during an emotional experience, our autonomic nervous system changes the body automatically
brain hemisphere & emotion
the amygdala fires for anger and rage. The left side of the brain (frontal lobe) is usually more active for positive emotions, while the right side of the brain (frontal lobe) is usually more active for negative emotions.
spillover effect
an arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event
embodied emotion
sometimes emotions are felt without thinking about them first. when this is the case it usually starts in the amygdala in the brain.
sometimes thinking needs to happen before you feel a particular emotion. when this is the case your frontal lobe is typically the first part of your brain to be active.
expressed emotion
expressed emotions refer to facial expressions and body language
experienced emotion
the feelings that are associated with particular emotions
we have identified at least 10:
- joy
- anger
- interest
- disgust
- guilt
- surprise
- shame
- contempt
- sadness
- fear
facial feedback effect
a facial expression not only expresses an emotion, but also that expression and experience are linked in that afferent sensory feedback from the facial action influences the emotional experience
- ex. smiling should typically make individuals feel happier, and frowning should make them feel sadder
dimensions of emotions
catharsis hypothesis
releasing your anger can actually make you feel better
feel-good do-good phenomenon
when people are happy they are more likely to help others
subjective well-being
a self-perceived feeling of happiness or satisfaction with ones life
adaptation-level phenomenon
people adapt to their satisfaction level
relative deprivation
people tend to believe that they have it worse off than the people that they compare themselves to
