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AP PSYCH > unit 11: motivation and emotion > Flashcards

unit 11: motivation and emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

motivation

A

a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it to a goal

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2
Q

instinct theory

A

motivation is something that all organisms are born with

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3
Q

drive reduction theory

A

the goal of drive reduction theory is homeostasis: where all of your needs are met, but not over met

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4
Q

need vs. incentive

A

drives are your body’s way of motivating you (eating food because you are hungry)

while incentives are psychological ways your mind motivates you (eating because the food looks good)

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5
Q

homeostasis

A

balance/equilibrium/stability in the body

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6
Q

optimal/maximum arousal theory

A

organisms are motivated to have the most excitement possible

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7
Q

maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

abraham maslow (1970) suggested that certain needs have priority over others

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8
Q

4 things that make you physiologically hungry

A

physiologically hunger means your body craves food naturally. these are 4 things that make your body crave food naturally.

  1. hunger pangs (stomach rumblings)
  2. low blood sugar (glucose)
  3. hypothalamus centers - lateral hypothalamus (LH) & ventomedial hypothalamus (VMH) - set-point theory
  4. hormones can also cause hunger
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9
Q

lateral hypothalamus (LH)

A

makes you hungry

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10
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

A

stops you from eating

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11
Q

set-point theory

A

theory that says that the lateral hypothalamus and the ventromedical hypothalamus work together to keep your hunger at homeostasis

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12
Q

psychological hunger

A
  • means that your body isn’t naturally hungry, or full but your brain is regulating your eating behavior
  • memory plays an important role in hunger
  • where you live, and what culture you are from help determine how hungry you are, and what kinds of foods you crave and eat
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13
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person continuously loses weight but still feels overweight

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14
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterization by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, using laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise

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15
Q

obesity

A

a disorder characterized by being excessively overweight

it increases the risk of:
- cardiovascular diseases (breathing, heart issues)
- diabetes (body stop producing insulin)
- hypertension (high blood pressure)
- arthritis (joint pain)
- back problems

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16
Q

reasons for eating disorders

A
  1. childhood sexual abuse does not cause eating disorders
  2. younger generations develop eating disorders when raised in families in which weight is an excessive concern (nurture cause)
  3. twin studies show that eating disorders are more likely to occur in identical twins rather than fraternal twins (nature cause)
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17
Q

sexual motivation

A

nature’s clever way of making people procreate, enabling our species to survive

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18
Q

masters and johnson’s 4 stages of the sexual response cycle

A
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19
Q

refractory period

A

times after a male orgasm when another can not be achieved (sexual motivation decreases)

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20
Q

hormones and sexual motivation

A

both males and females have both sex hormones, but males have higher levels of testosterone and females have higher levels of estrogen

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21
Q

sexual orientation

A

refers to a person’s preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individual of the same sex (homosexuality), the other sex (heterosexuality), and/or either sex (bisexuality)

  • homosexuality in men is 3-4% and in women is 1-2%
  • research has been done on both potential nature and nurture influences, but current research point to nature being the more influential factor
  1. animal homosexuality: nature link: homosexuality exists in the animal world
  2. the brain: brain structure tends to look different in gay and straight men
  3. genes and sexual orientation: a number of reasons suggest that homosexuality may be due to genetic factors
  4. hormones and sexual orientation: prenatal hormones affect sexual orientation during critical periods of fetal development exposed to large amounts of testosterone more likely to be attracted to females. exposed to large amounts of estrogen more likely to be attraction to males
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22
Q

belongingness

A
  • our need to be loved and accepted by others
  • evolutionary psychologists believe that our need to be around others aided in our survival
  1. protecting aganist predoders, especially for the young
  2. finding food
  3. reproducing offspring

people who tend to have close friends are happier and healthier

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23
Q

job

A

work as a way to make money

24
Q

career

A

work as a way to move up the social latter (get promoted)

25
Q

calling

A

work as being socially fulfilling/gratifying

26
Q

flow

A

an immersion of one’s work, a good balance between no work and a lot of work

27
Q

industrial organizational psychologist

A

applies psychological principles to the workplace

28
Q

personnel psychologist

A

work with companies to hire the right employees for the job. most employers believe that they are better at hiring quality employee than they actually are. This is known as the interviewer illusion thus, personnel Psychologists are often needed.

structured interview: interviewing technique where you script all of the interview questions, and then grade candidates reponses on a predetermined rubric. The high scorer gets hired. This technique can help to eliminate bias.

29
Q

organizational psychologist

A

works to motivate the employees that you already have one goal of organizational psychologists is achievement motivation where workers want to do well in their jobs.

30
Q

interviewer illusion

A

most employers believe that they are better than hiring quality employees than they actually are

31
Q

structured interview

A

interviewing technique where you script all of the interview questions and then grade candidate responses on a predetermined rubric. the high scorer gets hired. this technique can help eliminate bias

32
Q

achievement motivation

A

where workers want to do well in their job

33
Q

employee engagement

A

where employees feel they are an important and valueable part of the business

34
Q

task leadership

A

tells employees exactly what needs to get done

35
Q

social leadership

A

work more on group harmony, and lets workers take more responsiblity for their own work

36
Q

type a personality

A
  • competitive
  • hard-driven
  • impatient
  • verbally aggressive
  • anger-prone
37
Q

type b personality

A
  • easy-going
  • relaxed
38
Q

general adaption syndrome

A

your body deals with stress in three stages:

alarm
- your body warns you

resistance
- your body tries to fight the stress with a burst of adrenaline

exhaustion
- tiredness sets in from your bodies previous activation

39
Q

biofeedback

A
  1. hook a subject up to a machine that measures their stress levels
  2. have the subject do many different stress alleviating activities and watch the computer to see what reduces the stress the most
  3. have them to continue to do the stress reducing activity outside of therapy
40
Q

emotion

A

our body’s adaptive response
emotions are a mix of
1. physiological activation
2. expressive behaviors
3. conscious experience.

41
Q

commonsense view of emotion

A

emotion –> physiological changes

42
Q

james-lange theory of emotion

A

physiological changes –> emotions

43
Q

cannon-bard theory of emotion

A

physiological changes, emotion (same time)

44
Q

schacter-singer two factor theory of emotion

A

physiological arousal –> thinking (cognition) –> emotion

45
Q

autonomic nervous system & emotion

A

during an emotional experience, our autonomic nervous system changes the body automatically

46
Q

brain hemisphere & emotion

A

the amygdala fires for anger and rage. The left side of the brain (frontal lobe) is usually more active for positive emotions, while the right side of the brain (frontal lobe) is usually more active for negative emotions.

47
Q

spillover effect

A

an arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event

48
Q

embodied emotion

A

sometimes emotions are felt without thinking about them first. when this is the case it usually starts in the amygdala in the brain.

sometimes thinking needs to happen before you feel a particular emotion. when this is the case your frontal lobe is typically the first part of your brain to be active.

49
Q

expressed emotion

A

expressed emotions refer to facial expressions and body language

50
Q

experienced emotion

A

the feelings that are associated with particular emotions

we have identified at least 10:
- joy
- anger
- interest
- disgust
- guilt
- surprise
- shame
- contempt
- sadness
- fear

51
Q

facial feedback effect

A

a facial expression not only expresses an emotion, but also that expression and experience are linked in that afferent sensory feedback from the facial action influences the emotional experience

  • ex. smiling should typically make individuals feel happier, and frowning should make them feel sadder
52
Q

dimensions of emotions

A
53
Q

catharsis hypothesis

A

releasing your anger can actually make you feel better

54
Q

feel-good do-good phenomenon

A

when people are happy they are more likely to help others

55
Q

subjective well-being

A

a self-perceived feeling of happiness or satisfaction with ones life

56
Q

adaptation-level phenomenon

A

people adapt to their satisfaction level

57
Q

relative deprivation

A

people tend to believe that they have it worse off than the people that they compare themselves to

AP PSYCH (13 decks)

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