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AP PSYCH > abnormal psych & treatment > Flashcards

abnormal psych & treatment Flashcards

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1
Q

qualifications for a mental disorder

A
  • deviant: strange for the culture you are in (dress, act, behavior, etc.)
  • distressful: it bothers the person doing it
  • dysfunctional: it bothers others

(must have all 3)

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2
Q

ancient treatment of psych disorders

A

the treatments were barbaric because people treating psychological disorders did not realize what the true cause of the disorder was

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3
Q

medical model/medical perspective

A

looks at every psychological disorder as having a biological or physical cause

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4
Q

biopsychosocial perspective

A

assumes that biological, socio-cultural, & psychological factors combine & interact to produce psych. disorders

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5
Q

DSM-V

A

diagostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition

use it to identify & describe psychological disorders

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6
Q

labeling controversy with psych disorders

A
  • labeling a person with a psych disorder might be bad because the label may come to define who the person is
  • labeling psych disorders is good because it helps to treat people with those disorders
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7
Q

anxiety disorder

A
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8
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

a condition of persistent & uncontrollable tenseness & apprehension. one shows autonomic nervous system arousal & often is unable to identify or avoid the cause of these feelings

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9
Q

panic disorder

A

a minute-long episode of intense dread which may include feelings of terror, chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations

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10
Q

phobia

A

is marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that disrupts behavior

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11
Q

agoraphobia

A

phobia of open places

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12
Q

arcrophobia

A

phobia of heights

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13
Q

claustrophobia

A

phobia of closed spaces

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14
Q

hemophobia

A

phobia of blood

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15
Q

social phobia

A

phobia of social situations

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16
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

persistence of unwanted thoughts, (obsessions), and urges to engage in senseless rituals that cause distress, (compulsions)

(overactive frontal lobe - OCD)

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17
Q

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

four or more weeks following a traumatic event, the patient still shows:
- haunting memories
- nightmares
- social withdrawl
- jumpy anxiety
- sleep problems

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18
Q

dissociative disorder

A

a disorder in which your consciousness, or awareness, becomes confused

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19
Q

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

A

a disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct & alternating personalities, formerly called multiple personality disorder

DID has not had many cases outside of the US which leads critics to argue that it might be completely in the patient’s mind

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20
Q

mood disorder

A
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20
Q

major depressive disorder

A

when signs of severe depression exist for two weeks or more and are not caused by drugs or medical conditions

signs:
- lethargy & fatigue
- feelings of worthlessness
- loss of interest in family & friends
- loss of interest in activities

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21
Q

dysthymic disorder

A

a bit less severe than a major depressive disorder but can often last longer (2 years or more)

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22
Q

bipolar disorder

A
  • formerly called manic-depressive disorder
  • patient jumps from/between periods of depression & extreme mania (hyperactive, thoughts racing, euphoria, etc.)
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23
Q

mania

A
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24
Q

schizophrenia

A
  • the literal translation is “split mind”
  • a group of severe disorders characterized by the following

symptoms of schizophrenia:
1. disorganized thinking
2. delusional thinking (believing things that aren’t true)
3. hallucinations (most commonly auditory/voices)
4. apathy (lack of emotions or appropriate emotions)
5. catatonia (repetitive meaningless behavior)

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25
Q

disorganized thinking

A
  • many psychologists believe disorganized thoughts occur because of a lack of selective attention
  • it is hard for the patient to focus on one thing, let alone what is real and unreal
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26
Q

delusions

A

believing things that aren’t true

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27
Q

hallucinations

A

most commonly auditory/voices

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28
Q

apathy

A

lack of emotions or appropriate emotions

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29
Q

catatonia

A

repetitive meaningless behavior

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30
Q

positive symptoms

A

something a schizophrenic patient has, but a normal functioning person does not have

(hallucination, delusions, etc.)

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31
Q

negative symptoms

A

something a schizophrenic person does not have, but a normal functioning person does

(apathy)

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32
Q

chronic/process schizophrenia

A

develops slowly, harder to help the patient

33
Q

acute/reactive schizophrenia

A

develops quickly, easier to help the patient

34
Q

subtypes of schizophrenia

A

schizophrenic patients are often classified a subtype, which is typically their worst symptom

35
Q

personality disorders

A
  • characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
  • they are usually without anxiety, or depression, or delusions
36
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A
  • a disorder in which the person (usually men) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members
  • formerly, this person was called either a sociopath or psychopath
37
Q

hypochondria

A

excessive worry about serious illness

38
Q

somatoform disorder

A

mimic an actual injury but there is not a physical cause

39
Q

conversion disorder

A

type of somatoform disorder where the psychological trauma transfers to a physical disorder

40
Q

narcissistic personality disorder

A

obsessed with oneself and with a need for admiration

41
Q

rates of psychological disorders

A
  • 15% of americans have exhibited signs of a mental disorder within a given year
  • the united states leads all other countries with cases of psychological disorders
  • do we do a better job of diagnosing?
  • do we overdiagnose?
42
Q

psychotherapy

A

involved an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and a mental patient

43
Q

biomedical therapy

A

uses drugs or other procedures that act on the patient’s nervous system, curing him or her of psychological disorders

44
Q

eclectic approach

A

uses various forms of healing techniques depending upon the client’s unique problems

45
Q

psychoanalysis

A
  • sigmund freud’s actual perspective used to treat psychological disorders
  • the goal was to make patients aware of the underlying issues that were causing their psychological problems
  • Freud believed these underlying problems were trapped in the patient’s unconscious mind
46
Q

free association

A
  • developed to unravel the unconscious mind & its conflicts
  • the patient lies on a couch & speaks about whatever comes to his or her mind
47
Q

resistance

A

during free association, the patient edits his thoughts, resisting his or her feelings to express emotions

48
Q

transference

A

the patient opens up & reveals his or her innermost private thoughts, developing positive or negative feelings towards the therapist

49
Q

psychodynamic theory

A
  • a perspective that is influenced by Freud, but has been modified to fit more with today’s patients & issues
  • goal: to tap into important themes across the patient’s life that can lead to disorder.
50
Q

interpersonal psychotherapy

A
  • type of psychodynamic therapy
  • tries to change just the problem areas of the patient, and not the patient’s entire personality
51
Q

humanistic therapy

A

aim to make patients feel great about themselves, and to have the patient strive to be the best person they can be

52
Q

person-centered therapy

A
  • type of humanistic therapy
  • the therapist has the patient lead the conversation, and leads the patient to ultimately diagnose themselves
  • the therapist deals with the patient in a very positive uplifting way
53
Q

active listening

A
  • therapist engages in active listening and echoes, restates, and clarifies the patient’s thinking, acknowledging expressed feelings
54
Q

behavioral therapy

A
55
Q

counterconditioning

A

a procedure that conditions new response to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors

(it is based on classical conditioning & includes exposure therapy & aversive conditioning. it does not deal with the root cause of the behavior, just the behavior itself)

56
Q

exposure therapy

A

expose patients to the thing(s) that are giving them anxiety

57
Q

systematic desensitization

A

a type of exposure therapy that exposes people to their fears little by little

58
Q

flooding

A

a type of exposure therapy that exposes a patient to their greatest fear all at once

59
Q

aversive conditioning

A

pairing an unwaned behavior with an unpleasant consequence

60
Q

behavior modification

A

reward the patient for wanted behaviors & punish them for unwanted behaviors

61
Q

token economy

A
  • give a token/chip/star every time a patient does something desireable
  • have an opportunity for the patient to turn in these chips at the end of a period of time for prizes or desirable items
62
Q

cognitive therapy

A
  • gets the patient to change their way of thinking, in order to make the patient feel better
  • Aaron Beck was an important member of this perspective
63
Q

stress inoculation training

A

cognitive techniques where patients are trained to think positively during a stressful event

64
Q

rational emotive therapy (cognitive-behavior therapy)

A
  • cognitive-behavior therapy aims to alter the way people act, and modify the way they think.
  • this is similar to rational emotive therapy
65
Q

group therapy

A

pros:
- cost effective (cheaper), often beneficial to hear others with similar problems

cons:
- confidentiality is lost, less one on one time with therapist

66
Q

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

A
  • the therapist waves a finger in front of the patient’s face and has them follow it with their eyes.
  • this is supposed to unlock the unconscious mind & bring back repressed thoughts
67
Q

light exposure therapy

A

used for people with seasonal affective disorder, this treatment involved staring into a very bright light to rid oneself of seasonal depression

68
Q

counselor

A

pastoral counselors or abuse counselors work with problems arising from family relations, spouse & child abusers & their victims, and substance abusers
- often have Bachelor’s degree

69
Q

social worker

A
  • they have a Masters Degree in social work
  • postgraduate supervision prepares some social workers to over psychotherapy, mostly to people with everyday personal & family problems
70
Q

clinical psychologist

A
  • they have a PhD in psychology mostly
  • they are experienced in research, and therapy, all of which is verified through a supervised internship
71
Q

psychiatrist

A
  • they are physicians who specialize in the treatment of psychological disorders
  • not all psychiatrists have extensive training in psychothrapy, but as MDs they can prescribe medications
72
Q

thorazine

A

drug that improves behavior of Schizophrenia (hallucinations, delusions, apathy, catatonia, disorganized thinking)
- positive symptoms
- both block receptors for dopamine (lower amount of dopamine)

73
Q

clozapine (clozaril)

A

drug that improves behavior of Schizophrenia (hallucinations, delusions, apathy, catatonia, disorganized thinking)
- negative symptoms
- both block receptors for dopamine (lower amount of dopamine)

74
Q

xanax & ativan

A

drugs that improve behavior of anxiety (nervousness, heart racing, breathing heavy, etc.)
- increasing levels of GABA

75
Q

prozac, zoloft, & paxil

A

drugs that improve behavior of depression (suicidal thoughts, lonliness, sadness, low appetite, pessimism, low motivation)
- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): they increase the levels of serotonin

76
Q

SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)

A

they increase the levels of serotonin

77
Q

lithium carbonate

A

drugs that improve behavior
& thinking of bipolar disorder
- stabilizes levels of norepinephrine & glutamate

78
Q

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A
  • second to last resort

what are you trying to fix/improve? mostly depression (could be other things)

methods that improve behavior: 100 volts of electric shock to the brain

how do these methods work? jump start the patient’s brain with electricity

79
Q

transcrainial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A
  • second to last resort

what are you trying to fix/improve? mostly depression (could be other things)

methods that improve behavior: strap two high powered magnets to the brain to alter brain chemistry

how do these methods work? activate the brain by altering brain chemistry

80
Q

psychosurgery

A
  • last resort

what are you trying to fix/improve? anything that is bad enough, and can’t be treated another way

methods that improve behavior: destroy/remove the part of the brain that is causing the problem

how do these methods work? by removing the problem area, the problem can’t continue (you are also losing all other functions that part of the brain was responsible for & it’s irreversible

AP PSYCH (13 decks)

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