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AP PSYCH > unit 3: neuroscience > Flashcards

unit 3: neuroscience Flashcards

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1
Q

phrenology

A
  • suggested that bumps on your skull represented different mental abilities.
  • we now know this was wrong, but it was correct in the different mental processes that were in different parts of the brain.
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2
Q

Neuron

A

the billions of interconnected cells our bodies communicate through

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3
Q

Dendrite

A

Receive messages from other neurons

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4
Q

Cell body

A

aka. soma
The life support center of the neuron

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5
Q

axon

A

Send messages out of a neuron to another neuron through its axon terminals

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6
Q

axon terminals

A

In which of the place that the axon sends its messages out of a neuron to

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7
Q

Myelin sheath

A

A fatty substance that cover some axons and makes for a faster transmission of information

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8
Q

action potential

A

When a neuron is firing

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9
Q

Resting potential

A

When a neuron is not firing

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10
Q

Polarization

A

Negative present

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11
Q

Depolarization

A

Positives are allowed in

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12
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Fire, resting, go flood with negative

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13
Q

Threshold

A

If enough positive ions are allowed in the neuron passes, it’s threshold

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14
Q

All or none-response

A
  • A neuron either fires or doesn’t.
  • If it surpasses its threshold it will fire at the same intensity, every time
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15
Q

Refractory Period

A

the time it takes for a neuron to recharge to be able to fire again once it has already fired

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16
Q

Synapse

A

The gap between the axon of one neuron, and then dendrite of another

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17
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

When a neuron fires, its axon releases neurotransmitters, which are picked up by another neuron’s dendrites

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18
Q

Reuptake

A

When neurotransmitters are reabsorbed back into the sending neuron

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19
Q

acetylcholine (ach)

A

function: muscle movement; memory
ex. of malfunctions: (lack) Alzheimer’s disease; (lack) muscle movement

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20
Q

dopamine

A

function: learning, attention, short-term happiness
ex. of malfunctions: (excess) Schizophrenia

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21
Q

serotonin

A

function: long-term happiness
ex. of malfunctions: (lack) depression

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22
Q

norepinephrine / epinephrine

A

function: alertness & arousal
ex. of malfunctions: (lack) depression

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23
Q

GABA (gamma-amnobuyric acid)

A

function: (inhibitory) slows the body down
ex. of malfunctions: (lack) seizures, tremors, insomnia

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24
Q

glutamate

A

function: (excitatory) speeds the body up
ex. of malfunctions: (excess) migraines, seizures

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25
Q

endorphines

A

function: pain & pleasure
ex. of malfunctions: (lack) pain

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26
Q

Lock and key mechanism

A

Neurotransmitters and receptors fit together like a lock and key

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27
Q

Agnoist

A

Drugs that can be, that can enable neurotransmitters to fire

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28
Q

antagonist

A

Can block Neurotransmitters from firing

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29
Q

The nervous system

A
  • All nerve cells
  • it is very speedy
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30
Q

The central nervous system (CNS)

A

Neurons in the brain and spinal cord

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31
Q

The peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Neurons everywhere else (besides brain and spinal cord)

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32
Q

somatic nervous system

A

Works when you try to move your muscles

(the peripheral nervous system is split into two parts)

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33
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Works with your organs that mostly work automatically

(the peripheral nervous system is split into two parts)

34
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Automatically arouses the body when it needs it

(the peripheral nervous system is split into two parts)

35
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Calms the body automatically when it needs it

(the peripheral nervous system is split into two parts)

36
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Carry information to the CNS

37
Q

Motor neurons

A

Carries information away from the CNS to the muscles and glands

38
Q

neural network

A

Interconnected neurons in the brain

39
Q

Endocrine system

A
  • A slower system that works with the nervous system
  • it releases hormones into the bloodstream that affects the brain and the body
40
Q

hormones

A

The endocrine system releases them into the bloodstream that affect the brain and the body

41
Q

glands

A

an organ in the human body

42
Q

Pituitary gland

A
  • “Master gland”
  • controls other glands
  • located in the brain
  • controls growth
43
Q

Thyroid and parathyroid gland

A
  • located in the throat area
  • regulates metabolism and controls amount of calcium in the blood
44
Q

adrenal gland

A
  • located in kidneys
  • released norepinephrine / epinephrine (adrenaline) which triggers “fight or flight”
45
Q

gonads

A
  • located in and around the reproductive organs
  • help in development and regulate and release testosterone and estrogen
46
Q

pancreas

A

controls blood sugar

47
Q

lesion

A

destroy part of an animal’s brain and see what happens (its function)

48
Q

clinical observation

A

humans brain that’s already damaged and see what they can’t do

49
Q

EEG

A

(electroencephalogram)
- metal electrodes strapped to the skull to see what parts are active

function - not structure

50
Q

PET scan

A

radioactive glucose to see what areas of the brain are active

51
Q

MRI

A

uses powerful magnets to get a detailed picture of the brain

structure

52
Q

CAT scan

A

uses x-ray to get a detailed picture of the brain

53
Q

fMRI

A

shows both structure and function - MRI that can also show brain activity

54
Q

brainstem

A
  • the oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and entering the skull
  • it is responsible for automatic functions that keep us alive

parts: medulla, reticular formation, thalamus, cerebellum, pons

55
Q

medulla

A

the base of the brainstem and controls your heartbeat and breathing

56
Q

reticular formation

A

nerve network in the brainstem that deals primarily with arousal (awake and alert)

57
Q

thalamus

A

receives information from the senses (except smell) and routes it to the brain to figure out what is going on

58
Q

cerebellum

A
  • “little brain”
  • attached to the rear brainstem it helps with coordination and balance
59
Q

pons

A

works with facial expressions and dreams, and is the bridge from your lower to higher functions within the brain

60
Q

limbic system

A

a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebellum that deals with things such as: fear, anger, aggression, and food and sex drives

61
Q

amygdala

A

linked to the emotions of: fear, aggression, anger

62
Q

hippocampus

A

involved with memory

63
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • aka: the reward center
  • involved with: eating, drinking, body temperature, and emotions
  • animals that have their hypothalamus stimulated will go through extreme pain and difficulty to continue having that sensation
64
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the neural cells that cover the cerebral hemispheres and are the body’s ultimate control and information processing center

65
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • (forehead)
  • motor cortex: motor movement: personality, decision making, logically thinking
66
Q

parietal lobe

A
  • (top to rear head)
  • sensory cortex (sense of touch)
67
Q

occipital lobe

A
  • (back head)
  • visual function
68
Q

temporal lobe

A
  • (side of the head)
  • auditory function
69
Q

motor cortex

A
  • located at the rear of the frontal lobe
  • controls voluntary movements
70
Q

sensory cortex

A
  • located in the parietal lobe
  • receives information from skin surface and senses
71
Q

visual function

A

located in the occipital lobe

72
Q

auditory function

A

located in the temporal lobe

73
Q

association areas

A
  • areas in the brain that we don’t know their exact form
  • the areas take information from our inputs and connect it to our memories to help us make sense of it all
74
Q

aphasia

A

the impairment of language

75
Q

broca’s area

A

the area that deals with the production of speech

76
Q

wernicke’s area

A

the area that deals with the use of meaningful language

77
Q

angular gyrus

A

help us comprehend written words (read)

78
Q

plasticity

A

our brain’s plasticity we are referring to its ability to heal or modify itself after an injury

79
Q

left vs. right hemisphere

A

one brain is divided into 2 hemispheres…
RIGHT
- controls visual-spatial
- artistic ability
- left side of the body

LEFT
- controls language
- right side of the body
- dominant hemisphere (for other things too - some people who suffer from seizures can have their corpus callosum (the area that connected to two hemispheres) severed, it typically gets rid of seizures

80
Q

corpus callosum

A

(the area that connected two hemispheres) severed, it typically gets rid of seizures

81
Q

split-brain patients

A

some people who suffer from seizures can have their corpus callosum (the area that connected two hemispheres) severed, it typically gets rid of seizures

with the corpus callosum severed, an object presented in the right visual field can be named. left can’t.

AP PSYCH (13 decks)

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