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AP PSYCH > unit 1: history & research methods > Flashcards

unit 1: history & research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

psychology

A

defined as the scientific study of behavior (what we do) and mental processes (inner thoughts and feelings

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2
Q

structuralism

A

a perspective designed by wundt and tichener which aimed to break things into very small parts to study them

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3
Q

wundt & tichener

A

designed perspective of structuralism

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4
Q

introspection

A
  • their process of analysis, breaking things down into small sensations and perceptions
  • this was the first perspective in all of psychology
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5
Q

functionalism

A
  • in opposition to structuralism
  • designed by william james
  • took the work of darwin, even further, to see how our behavior and mental processes allowed us to: adapt, survive, and flourish
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6
Q

william james

A

designed the functionalism perspective

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7
Q

unconscious mind

A

sigmund freud stressed the importance of the unconscious mind and behavior

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8
Q

american psychology association (APA)

A

one of the biggest organizations in psychology

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9
Q

british psychological society

A

one of the biggest organizations in psychology

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10
Q

nature vs. nurture

A

psychology’s big debate

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11
Q

darwin

A

his theory of natural selection said that nature selects those that are most capable to survive and flourish

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12
Q

neuroscience (biological)

A

focus – the brain
words to associate - brain

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13
Q

evolutionary (biological)

A

focus - how humans and animals evolve over long periods of time
words to associate - darwin, evolution, natural selection

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14
Q

behavior genetics (biological)

A

focus - born, with nature, learned nature
words to associate - nature vs. nurture

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15
Q

psychoanalytic/psychodynamic

A

focus - the unconscious
words to associate - unconscious, freud

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16
Q

behavioral

A

focus - learning through behavior, not thinking
words to associate - learning, rewards (reinforcements), punishments, skinner, pavlov, watson

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17
Q

cognitive

A

focus - emphasis on thinking, not behavior
words to associate - thinking, memory language, intelligence

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18
Q

social-cultural

A

focus - culture impact on thinking, and behavior
words to associate - culture vs. culture

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19
Q

humanistic

A

focus - free-will, love, acceptance, positive you want people, “hippie perspective”
words to associate - healthy growth potential, maslow, rogers

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20
Q

biological psychologist

A

do research on the brain

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21
Q

developmental psychologist

A

do research on changing abilities from womb to tomb

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22
Q

cognitive psychologist

A

do research on thinking, memory, language, intelligence

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23
Q

personality psychologist

A

do research on persistent traits

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24
Q

social psychologist

A

do research on how we view and effect others

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25
Q

clinical psychologist

A

work with people suffering from psychological disorders

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26
Q

counseling psychologist

A

help people with problems (marital, family, etc.)

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27
Q

educational psychologist

A

work with students in a school setting

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28
Q

industrial/organizational psychologist

A

work with employees in a work setting

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29
Q

psychiatrist

A

the difference between a clinical psychologist and a psychiatrist is that a psychiatrist has a medical degree (MD) and can prescribe and use medication (drugs) on patients

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30
Q

the hindsight bias

A

when people believe that they could have predicted the outcome of an event after it has happened

ex. realizing now that it’s over, you could have predicted it

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31
Q

overconfidence

A

when someone thinks they know more than they actually do
ex. thought it would take you less time to do a project

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32
Q

critical thinking

A

does not accept arguments and conclusions blindly

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33
Q

theory

A

an explanation that connects organizes and predicts, behavior or events

ex. low self-esteem and depression are related

34
Q

hypotheses

A

a testable prediction often set up by a theory it allows us to except reject or revise our theory

ex. depression causes low-self-esteem

35
Q

operational definition/replication

A

a good operational definition gives good instructions so that others can repeat a study, known as replication

36
Q

case study

A

technique where one person is studied in depth

37
Q

clinical study

A

a form of case study, where a therapist studies a client

38
Q

survey

A

questioning a representative sample of people to find out: attitudes, opinions, or behaviors

39
Q

wording effect

A

refers to the fact that the way a survey is worded can effect how people answer it

40
Q

false consensus effect

A

if you overestimate the extent to which others are similar to you

41
Q

population

A

whole group to be studied

42
Q

sample

A

the actual people who are studied

43
Q

random sampling

A

if everyone has an equal chance to be studied

44
Q

stratified sample

A

if you split your group up (ex. gender, age) then randomly assign

45
Q

naturalistic observation

A

when you observe and report about animals or humans in their natural environment

46
Q

correlation

A

when one trait or behavior pairs with another, we say the two correlate

47
Q

correlation coefficient

A

we represent correlations like this: r = +0.37 or r = -0.65.

48
Q

scatterplot

A

a graph comprised of points that are generated by values of two variables

49
Q

positive correlation

A

(perfect positive correlation) (+1.00)
- between two things means that the presence of one thing predicts the presence of the other

50
Q

negative correlation

A

(perfect negative correlation) (-1.00)
- means that the presence of one thing predicts the absence of the other

51
Q

no correlation

A

(no relationship) (0.00)

52
Q

illusory correlation

A

believing a relationship between two variables were no relationship actually exists

53
Q

experiments

A

backbone of psychological research because through it we can try to find cause and effect relationships

54
Q

experimental group

A

the group receiving the treatment

55
Q

control group

A

the group not receiving the drug/treatment

56
Q

independent variable

A

the factor that we manipulate

ex. soda/no soda

57
Q

dependent variable

A

the factor that may change because of the independent variable
(this is what we are interested in)

ex. memory

58
Q

confounding variables

A

(only two variables should be present during any experiment, the IV and DV)
- a variable that we DON’T want to show up

59
Q

participant-relevant confounding variable

A

people in the control group are different from people in the experimental group

ex. 50 men, 50 women for soda & memory

60
Q

situation-relevant confounding variable

A

the situation isn’t equal

ex. night vs. day for soda & memory

61
Q

placebo effect

A

the subjects believe the experiment will work, so their mind makes it work

62
Q

experimenter bias

A

the person running the experiment affects the results in a way that benefits them

63
Q

participant bias

A

the participant in an experiment acts like they believe they are “supposed to act”

64
Q

hawthorne effect

A

people change their behavior just because they know they are being watched

65
Q

double-blind procedure

A

procedure neither the patient nor the experimenters’ assistants will know who is in the manipulated and control groups

66
Q

random assignment

A

giving each person an equal chance to be in either group

67
Q

central tendency

A

single score to represent a group of scores

68
Q

mean

A
  • average
  • add them up and divided by the total number
69
Q

median

A

middle number when ranked in numerical order

70
Q

mode

A

the most frequently occurring score in a distribution

71
Q

variation

A

one number to represent your spread-out your data

72
Q

range

A

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

73
Q

standard deviation

A

a computed measure of how much scores vary about the mean
(determined by how many standard deviations they fall away from the mean)

74
Q

variance

A

standard deviation squared

75
Q

t-test

A

give a t-test (to measure how far apart your two sets of data are)

when is a difference significant? (when you can start to think your numbers are important?)

76
Q

p-value

A

receive a p-value (the difference between the two groups. the lower the better)

when is a difference significant? (when you can start to think your numbers are important?)

77
Q

ethical rules for animals

A
  1. must have a clear purpose
  2. must care for the animals humanely in between experimentation
  3. must provide the LEAST amount of suffering possible for the animal to run your desired experiment –> does the possible good come out to overweigh the harm

insitutional review board (IRB)

78
Q

ethical rules for humans

A
  1. must volunteer (not forced/coerced)
  2. must have informed consent (they must know they are part of a research study)
  3. confidentiality (you must keep their identity a secret/anonymity)
  4. cannot be placed at significant physical or mental harm/risk
  5. must debrief (told what the study was about, and after given contact info to follow up)

insitutional review board (IRB)

79
Q

informed consent

A

they must know they are part of a research study

80
Q

debrief

A

told what the study was about, and after given contact info to follow up

81
Q

confederate

A

an actor who participates in a psychological experiment pretending to be a subject but in actuality working for the researcher

82
Q

confidentiality

A

you must keep their identity a secret / anonymity

AP PSYCH (13 decks)

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