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AP PSYCH > developmental psych > Flashcards

developmental psych Flashcards

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1
Q

nature vs. nurture

A

how does genetic inheritance (our nature) influence our behavior?

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2
Q

continuity vs. stages

A

is development a gradual, continuous process or a sequence of chunks (separate stages)?

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3
Q

stability vs. change

A

do our early personality traits persist through, life, or become different people as we age

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4
Q

zygote

A

a fertilized cell with 100 cells that become increasingly diverse

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5
Q

embryo

A

at about 14 days the zygote becomes

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6
Q

fetus

A

at about 9 weeks the embryo becomes

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7
Q

teratogen

A

chemicals or viruses that can enter the placenta and harm the developing fetus
- ex. alcohol (can cause fetal alcohol syndrome)

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8
Q

cross-sectional study

A

study different people across different age groups to note changes in development (study at the same time)

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9
Q

longitudinal study

A

study the same group of people as they develop and note changes

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10
Q

reflexes

A
  • infants are born with them
  • help with their survival
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11
Q

rooting reflex

A

baby turns head toward the source of touch

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12
Q

grasping reflex

A

babies are able to grasp things

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13
Q

habituation

A

babies tend to look at newer things longer

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14
Q

maturation

A

when you are biologically ready to do something
- ex. sitting up (motor development), walking, potty training, etc.

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15
Q

jean piaget

A

created the piaget’s stages of cognitive development

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16
Q

schema

A

molds that we pour our experiences into

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17
Q

assimilation

A

the process of incorporating new experiences into our current understanding or schema

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18
Q

accommodation

A

adjusting or modifying a schema

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19
Q

sensorimotor stage

A
  • ages: birth - 2 years old
  • exploring the world through senses (hearing, touch, taste, etc.)
  • object permanence, stranger anxiety
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20
Q

preoperational stage

A
  • ages: 2-6 or 7
  • thinking with their “gut”
  • pretend play, egocentrism, language
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21
Q

concrete operational stage

A
  • ages: 7-11 years
  • thinking logically
  • conservation, mathematical transformations
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22
Q

formal operational stage

A
  • ages: 12 - adulthood
  • thinking abstractly
  • abstract thinking, mature moral reasoning
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23
Q

object permanence

A

knowing an object exists, even if you can’t see it

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24
Q

stranger anxiety

A

fear of people they don’t know

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25
Q

egocentrism

A

inability to see from a new perspective
- ex. standing in front of a tv

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26
Q

conservation

A

physical properties stay the same even if appearance changes

27
Q

logical thinking

A

basic thinking

28
Q

abstract thinking

A

thinking outside the box ideas and solutions

29
Q

contact comfort

A

factor of attachment

30
Q

harlow’s monkey studies

A
  • harlow worked with baby rhesus monkeys
  • gave them wire mother with food
  • gave them cloth mother without food
  • baby monkey chose to spend time with cloth mother, proving contact comfort is a strong factor in attachment
31
Q

mary ainsworth’s strange situation experiments

A

strange situation: parents with a child, leave, then come back…
- secure attachment: 66% - extreme stress, which parent leaves, run to mother when she returns, calms down with mother in the room
- insecure (avoidant): 21% - extreme stress when parent leaves, doesn’t want to be held when the mother returns. parents leave, cannot calm down once the mother returns

32
Q

secure attachment

A

an attachment where a child feels comforted by the presence of their caregiver

33
Q

insecure avoidant attachment

A

instead of craving intimacy, they’re so wary of closeness that they try to avoid emotional connection with others

34
Q

self-concept

A

if there is red paint on their forehead, and they look in the mirror - they rub it off their forehead

  • a sense of one’s own identity personal self-worth
35
Q

permissive parenting

A

parents submit to children’s demand

36
Q

authoritative parenting

A

parents are demanding but explain their rationale for the rules

37
Q

authoritarian parenting

A

parents impose rules and expect obedience

38
Q

adolescence

A

the life stage between childhood and adulthood

39
Q

puberty

A
  • adolescence starts with it
  • usually occurs early in girls earlier than in boys
40
Q

primary sexual characteristics

A

changes that occur during puberty that aid in reproduction

41
Q

secondary sexual characteristics

A

changes that occur during puberty that DO NOT aid in reproduction (facial hair, deep voice, growth spurt)

42
Q

lawrence kohlberg’s moral dilemma research

A
43
Q

preconventional stage of morality

A

right and wrong are based on rewards and punishments

44
Q

conventual stage of morality

A

right and wrong are based on authority

45
Q

post-conventional stage of morality

A

people have their own moral code

46
Q

carol gilligan

A

had a response to kohlberg’s 3 stages of moral reasoning
- kohlberg should have used both boys and girls, not just boys
- boys have an all-or-none view of morality, and girls pay attention to situational factors (girls may ask for more info. before making a call)

47
Q

erik erikson

A

created the 8 stages of psycho-social development

48
Q

trust vs. mistrust

A

stage: infancy
- parents caring for you (ex. feed you, care for you)

49
Q

autonomy vs. shame or doubt

A

stage: toddlerhood
- doing things on their own

50
Q

initiative vs. guilt

A

stage: preschooler
- develop their own favorite colors, movies, etc.

51
Q

industry vs. inferiority

A

stage: elementary school
- adding pleasure to tasks

52
Q

identity vs. role confusion

A

stage: adolescence
- refining a sense of self

53
Q

intimacy vs. isolation

A

stage: young adulthood
- struggle to form close relationships

54
Q

generativity vs. stagnation

A

stage: middle adulthood
- find ways to add value to life: career meaning to society, having kids

55
Q

integrity vs. despair

A

stage: late adulthood
- reflecting on life

56
Q

emerging adulthood

A

ages 18-25
- in between indolence and adulthood

57
Q

dementia

A

loss of memory

58
Q

alzheimer’s disease

A

leads to severe dementia

59
Q

prospective memory

A

remember to do things certain things at certain times
- ex. work after school

60
Q

fluid intelligence

A

refers to your ability to reason quickly - this deteriorates with age

61
Q

crystalline/crystallized intelligence

A

accumulated knowledge and skills, this does not go away with old age

62
Q

social clock

A

the social norm to do things
- ex. getting married

63
Q

kubler-ross 5 stages of grief

A
  1. denial
  2. anger
  3. bargaining
  4. depression
  5. acceptance

AP PSYCH (13 decks)

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