Unit 8: Ecology

Question 1

Define the 10% rule

Answer 1

only 10% of the energy from level 1 makes up to the 2nd level
- energy lost has heat

Question 2

list the trophic levels

Answer 2

1* produces= plants (Autotrophs)
1* consumers= herbivores (heterotrophs)
2* consumers= omnivores (herbivores)
3* consumers= carnivores
* decomposers occur at any level

Question 3

3 types of symbiosis

Answer 3

+/+= mutualim
+/0= commensalism
+/-= parasitism

Question 4

define signalling behavior

Answer 4

communication between organisms can change behavior= produces changes

Question 5

WHat does innate (genetically controlled) and learned behaviors help with

Answer 5

increase survival and repro

Question 6

what does cooperative behavior help with

Answer 6

increase fitness and survival

Question 7

define aposematism

Answer 7

discourage predation through markings/behaviors and/or chemicals

Question 8

define endotherms

Answer 8

use energy from metabolism to maintain body temperatures

Question 9

define ectotherms

Answer 9

regulate temperature behaviorally; no internal mechanisms

Question 10

smaller animals repro and metabolic rate?

Answer 10

increase and reproduce more

Question 11

big animals repro and metabolic rate?

Answer 11

low rate

Question 12

define chemoautotrophs

Answer 12

organisms that capture energy from small inorganic molecules

Question 13

define interspecific competition

Answer 13

(-/-) different species compete for resource- limits survival and reproduction

Question 14

define competitive exclusion

Answer 14

elimination of inferior competitor

Question 15

define niche partitioning

Answer 15

when similar species differentiate resources they use; enabling coexistence

Question 16

define clumped distribution

Answer 16

close proximity of one or another
–> protection from predators; hunting for prey ; easier to find a mate; access to resources

Question 17

define random distribution

Answer 17

not a specified arrangement; less competition; difficulty finding mates; no protection

Question 18

define uniform distribution

Answer 18

equal spacing for individuals
etc. penguins. decreasing competition

Question 19

define mark recapture method

Answer 19

estimate population by marking and recapturing

Question 20

HIPPCO

Answer 20

habitat loss
invasive species
pollution
population growth
over exploiation
climate change

Question 21

eutrophication in pollution

Answer 21

fertilizers supporting phytoplankton which die–> aerobic decomposers use up all of O2 = no life

Question 22

biological magnification

Answer 22

DDT and mercury

Question 23

climate change

Answer 23

rate of change of weather is too fast for natural selection to keep up