Unit 8: Ecology Flashcards
Define the 10% rule
only 10% of the energy from level 1 makes up to the 2nd level
- energy lost has heat
list the trophic levels
1* produces= plants (Autotrophs)
1* consumers= herbivores (heterotrophs)
2* consumers= omnivores (herbivores)
3* consumers= carnivores
* decomposers occur at any level
3 types of symbiosis
+/+= mutualim
+/0= commensalism
+/-= parasitism
define signalling behavior
communication between organisms can change behavior= produces changes
WHat does innate (genetically controlled) and learned behaviors help with
increase survival and repro
what does cooperative behavior help with
increase fitness and survival
define aposematism
discourage predation through markings/behaviors and/or chemicals
define endotherms
use energy from metabolism to maintain body temperatures
define ectotherms
regulate temperature behaviorally; no internal mechanisms
smaller animals repro and metabolic rate?
increase and reproduce more
big animals repro and metabolic rate?
low rate
define chemoautotrophs
organisms that capture energy from small inorganic molecules
define interspecific competition
(-/-) different species compete for resource- limits survival and reproduction
define competitive exclusion
elimination of inferior competitor
define niche partitioning
when similar species differentiate resources they use; enabling coexistence
define clumped distribution
close proximity of one or another
–> protection from predators; hunting for prey ; easier to find a mate; access to resources
define random distribution
not a specified arrangement; less competition; difficulty finding mates; no protection
define uniform distribution
equal spacing for individuals
etc. penguins. decreasing competition
define mark recapture method
estimate population by marking and recapturing
HIPPCO
habitat loss
invasive species
pollution
population growth
over exploiation
climate change
eutrophication in pollution
fertilizers supporting phytoplankton which die–> aerobic decomposers use up all of O2 = no life
biological magnification
DDT and mercury
climate change
rate of change of weather is too fast for natural selection to keep up
