3.2 Carbohydrates Flashcards
What is teh carbon, hydrogen oxygen ratio?
CH2O
What is the formula for glucose, galactose and fructose?
C6H12O6
What are the 2 functions of carbohydrateS?
- provide energy for the cell primarily through glucose
- structural support for plants, fungi and arthropods (insects, spiders and crustaceans)
Aldose (Aldehyde sugar)
carbonyl group at the end of the chain
Ketose (Ketone sugar)
carbonyl group in the middle of the sugar chain
Describe cellular respiration
glucose- ATP
excess glucose- starch
What are the 3 monosaccharides?
glucose, galactose and fructose
Describe glucose alpha postion
hydroxyl group below carbon
describe glucose beta postion
hydroxyl group above carbon
Glycosidic linkage
covalent bond b/w carb molec. & another
what are the 3 disaccharides?
lactose, maltose, sucrose
lactose
glucose & galactose; milk
Maltose
malt sugar; 2 glucose molecules
What are the 4 examples of polysaccharides?
starch, glycogen. cellulose and chitin
Starch
stored form of sugar in plants; has two types; amylose, amylopectin; highly branched
Where is starch stored in plants?
in plastids ( cellular structyrea); includes chloroplasts
what is starch broken down by?
salivary amylase which becomes smaller molec- maltose & glucose; cell absorbs glucose
Amylose
starch formed by unbranched chains of glucose monomer
amylopectin
branched polysaccharide
Glycogen
storage form of glucose in humans & other vertebrates; monomers of glucose
highly branched; stored in liver & muscle cells
What is function of glycogen in the body?
blood glucose decreases; glycogen broken down- glucose (glycogenolysis)
Cellulose
abundant natural bipolymer; cell walls of plants- structural support; found in wood and paper; made up of glucose monomers with beta glycosidic linkages
helps in bowel movement
describe cellulose
every other monomer is flipped, allowing to pack tightly as long chains–> gives it rigidity and high tensile strength; cannot be broken down by human enzymes; made only by beta linkages
What animals have the ability to break down cellulose?
herbivores w/ specialized flora in their stomach
animals; w/ bacteria & protists in the digestive system
grazing animals: appendix contains the bacteria
termites
Chitin
contains nitrogen
makes exoskeleton-outer shell in Arthropods for protection
made up of N-acetyl- B-a glucoasmine
major component of fungal cell walls
how does cellulose remove excess cholesterol?
fiber binds to cholesterol in the small intestine 7 exists the body via feces to prevent cholesterol from entering the bloodstream
What is the difference between beta glucose and galactose?
In galactose, the OH is on the top for both sides.
In beta glucose, only one OH is on the top.
sucrose
fructose & gluose
What are isomers?
Molecules that have the same chemical formula but have different arrangements
Give examples of isomers
sucrose, lactose, and maltose
glucose, galactose, and fructose
What is the formula for disaccharides
C12H22O11
Why is the formula for disaccharides C12H22O11?
One water is removed in the formation in order for dehydration synthesis to occur.
What makes the sugars polar?
The hydroxyl group
What is the chemical formula for monosaccharides?
CH2O
What is the ring form of fructose?
has 6 carbons, but shape is a pentagon. 4 of the carbons directly form the ring; 2 of the carbons sit outside the ring.
What is the structure of starch?
is linked in long chains with a small amount of branching
What is the structure of glycogen?
Linked in many branching chains
What is the ring form of cellulose?
Long single chains that pack tightly together
What is the bacterial cell wall made out of?
Peptidoglycan
