2.3 Carbon Flashcards
what is carbon and what can it bond to?
It had 4 valence electrons and can make covalent bonds to oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen for cellular function
What are functional groups
groups of atoms that give specific properties to hydrocarbon chains or rings that define their overall characteristics and function
Organic molecules
carbon containing liquid solid or gas- make macromolecules
Macromolecules
proteins, nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), carbohydrates, and lipids- makes up cells; carbon makes up the basic structural component of macromolecules
What are hydrocarbons?
organic molecules consisting of carbon and hydrogen; can be fuels and burn off energy when covalent bonds are burned
What are some qualities of hydrocarbons?
exists as linear carbon chains, carbon rings or a combination
can have single, double or triple bonds
What are hydrocarbon chains?
formed by bonds between carbon atomd, bonds may be branched or unbranched. geometry can change based on the type of bond
What shape does single, double and triple bonds produce?
single- rotation along axis of bond- tetrahedral shape
double- planar configuration
triple- linear bond
What are aliphatic hydrocarbons?
Linear chains of carbon atoms - can form rings with all single bonds
What are aromatic hydrocarbons?
close rings of carbon dioxide with alternating single and double bonds
What type of hydrocarbon ring is cyclopentane and cyclohexane?
aliphatic hydrocarbons
what type of hydrocarbon ring is benzese?
aromatic hydrocarbons; it is also a crude oil
define isomers
molecules with the same molecular formular (same finds and # of atoms) but different molecular structures that result in different properties of functions
define structural isomers
differ in their placement of covalent bonds; different chemical properties
define geometric isomers
similar placement of the covalent bonds but differ in how they were made
define cis configuration
carbons bound on the same side of the double bond; bends in the carbon backbone
define trans configuration
opposite sides of the double bond form a more or less linear structure
define triglycerides
long carbon chain- fatty acids can be cis or trans configuration
define unsaturated fats
fats with at least 1 double bond between carbon atoms- due to the bend- they cannot pack as tightly resulting in their liquid form- oil
define trans fat
trans double bonds linear fatty acids; pack tightly at room temperature and form solid fats - increase in risk of CVD
saturated fats
triglycerides w/o double bonds between carbon atoms, contain all the hydrogen atoms; solid at room temperature -of animal origin
define enantiomers
molecules that share the same chemical structure and bonds, differ in the 3D placement of atoms, so they are mirror images
carbon backbone def
formed by chains and/or rings of carbon atoms sometimes has nitrogen or oxygen
definition of substituted hydrocarbons
molecules with other elements in their carbon backbone
Why are there hydrogen bonds between functional groups?
help them fold properly, and maintain the appropriate shape for functioning, DNA complementary base pairing, and the binding of an enzyme to its substrates
Are functional group hydrophobic or hydrophilic containing methyl?
Hydrophobic
Are functional group hydrophobic or hydrophilic containing carboxyl?
Hydrophilic- releases Hydrogen ions resulting in COO-
