Cell Organization & Structure Flashcards
What are the main differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus but have a nuclear region
Prokaryotes- circular DNA
Eukaryotes- linear DNA
Prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles
prokaryotes only have free floating ribosomes
What are the 4 basic organelles a cell needs?
Nuclear region
ribosomes
cell membrane
cytosol
What are the 3 domains of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Bacteria, Arachae= prokaryotes
Eukaryara
What are the 4 kingdoms of eukarya?
Animals, plants, fungi and protists
Describe Plasma/Cell membrane
a phospholipid bilayer
Description of different types of cell walls in plants, fungi, and bacteria
Plant Cell wall- cellulose
Fungal Cell wall- chitin
Bacterial Cell wall- peptidoglycan
Description of Structure and Function Nucleus
Had instructions, DNA on how to create proteins
Description of Structure and Function- Nucleolus
inside the nucleus, the largest structure
synthesis of ribosomes
Description of Structure and Function- ribosomes
Synthesize proteins according to mRNA sequences
made of rRNA and proteins
Description of Structure and Function- RER
a network of membrane tubes in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
has ribosomes attached to the membranes
-compartmentalizes the cell
packages the new proteins for export of the cell
Description of Structure and Function- SER
detoxification and lipid synthesis
network of membrane tubes within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that do not have ribosomes
Description of Structure and Function- golgi apparatus
flatted membrane sacs in eukaryotic cells
-involved in the process of correctly folding and chemical modification of newly synthesized proteins and packaging for protein trafficking
- has vesicles that are membrane bound that move things around the cell
Description of Structure and Function- mitochondria
has a double membrane
outer membrane- smooth
inner membrane- folds cristae (convoluted)
-production of ATP energy for Eukaryotic cell work
Description of Structure and Function- chloroplast
what eukaryotic cells are they found in?
- found in eukaryotic cells- photosynthetic algae and plants
- double outer membrane
-captures energy from the sun and produces sugar for the organism through photosynthesis
Description of Structure and Function-lysosome
membrane closed sacs that contain hydrolytic enzymes- found in some eukaryotic cells
-hydrolytic enzymes- digest cell parts of macromolecules
Description of Structure and Function-vacuoles
membrane bound sacs in eukaryotic cells
can store water and macromolecules and release waste from a cell
What are the structures in the choloroplast?
granum, stroma,lumen, thylakoids, inner membrane and outer membrane
Describe the thylakoid
grana- highly folded membrane compartment in stacks
-membrane contain chlorophyll pigments that comprise photosystems and electron transport proteins b/w photosystems in thylakoid membrane
light dependent reactions occur here
folding of the membrane= increased efficiency
Describe the stroma
fluid between inner membrane and thylakoids
carbon- fixation cycles (Calvin- Benson cycle)
Describe the mitochondria
double membranes allow different metabolic reactions
get energy from macromolecules
- kreb cycle (citric acid cycle) occurs in the matrix
electron transport and atp synthesis occur in the inner mitochondrial membrane
folding of inner membrane- increased SA- more ATP
Describe vacuoles
storage, release of water, macromolecules, cellular waste products
plants- vacuoles- retention of water –> turgor pressure: water pushing against plasma membrane and cell wall
Describe lysosomes
hydrolytic enzymes-intracellural digestion, recycling of organic materials, apoptosis (programmed cell death)
Describe ER
provides mechanical support
intracellular transport
Rough ER- protein synthesis on ribosomes on the RER membrane
What are some similarities between plant and animal cells?
Nuclear envelope
nuclear pores
nucleolus
rough er
smooth er
golgi apparutus
vacuoles
plasma membrane mitochondria
What do plant cells have that animal cells don’t?
chloroplasts
cell wall
central vacuole
What is chromatin?
composed of proteins, DNA and RNA
Where are ribosome subunits produced?
In the nucleolus but come togethering in the cyoplasm
What are ribosomes made out of?
rRNA and proteins
what are the 2 types of ribosomes and where can you find them?
free floating- in the cytoplasm
attached- to the rough ER
What are the three types of vacuoles?
food, contractile and central
What type of vacuole does plants have?
central vacuole
What type of vacuoles do animals?
contractile vacuole
Which organelles have membranes?
nucleus ER, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, chloroplasts have membranes
ribosomes do not have membrane
What are the destinations of free floating ribosomes
nucleus
mitochondria
chloroplasts
peroxosomes
what are the destinations of attached ribosomes?
secreted out
lysosome
glycoprotein
ER Lumen
ER membrane
Plasma membrane
