Cell Organization & Structure

Question 1

What are the main differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

Answer 1

Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus but have a nuclear region
Prokaryotes- circular DNA
Eukaryotes- linear DNA
Prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles
prokaryotes only have free floating ribosomes

Question 2

What are the 4 basic organelles a cell needs?

Answer 2

Nuclear region
ribosomes
cell membrane
cytosol

Question 3

What are the 3 domains of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 3

Bacteria, Arachae= prokaryotes
Eukaryara

Question 4

What are the 4 kingdoms of eukarya?

Answer 4

Animals, plants, fungi and protists

Question 5

Describe Plasma/Cell membrane

Answer 5

a phospholipid bilayer

Question 6

Description of different types of cell walls in plants, fungi, and bacteria

Answer 6

Plant Cell wall- cellulose
Fungal Cell wall- chitin
Bacterial Cell wall- peptidoglycan

Question 7

Description of Structure and Function Nucleus

Answer 7

Had instructions, DNA on how to create proteins

Question 8

Description of Structure and Function- Nucleolus

Answer 8

inside the nucleus, the largest structure
synthesis of ribosomes

Question 9

Description of Structure and Function- ribosomes

Answer 9

Synthesize proteins according to mRNA sequences
made of rRNA and proteins

Question 10

Description of Structure and Function- RER

Answer 10

a network of membrane tubes in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
has ribosomes attached to the membranes
-compartmentalizes the cell
packages the new proteins for export of the cell

Question 11

Description of Structure and Function- SER

Answer 11

detoxification and lipid synthesis
network of membrane tubes within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that do not have ribosomes

Question 12

Description of Structure and Function- golgi apparatus

Answer 12

flatted membrane sacs in eukaryotic cells
-involved in the process of correctly folding and chemical modification of newly synthesized proteins and packaging for protein trafficking
- has vesicles that are membrane bound that move things around the cell

Question 13

Description of Structure and Function- mitochondria

Answer 13

has a double membrane
outer membrane- smooth
inner membrane- folds cristae (convoluted)
-production of ATP energy for Eukaryotic cell work

Question 14

Description of Structure and Function- chloroplast

what eukaryotic cells are they found in?

Answer 14

• found in eukaryotic cells- photosynthetic algae and plants
• double outer membrane
  -captures energy from the sun and produces sugar for the organism through photosynthesis

Question 15

Description of Structure and Function-lysosome

Answer 15

membrane closed sacs that contain hydrolytic enzymes- found in some eukaryotic cells
-hydrolytic enzymes- digest cell parts of macromolecules

Question 16

Description of Structure and Function-vacuoles

Answer 16

membrane bound sacs in eukaryotic cells
can store water and macromolecules and release waste from a cell

Question 17

What are the structures in the choloroplast?

Answer 17

granum, stroma,lumen, thylakoids, inner membrane and outer membrane

Question 18

Describe the thylakoid

Answer 18

grana- highly folded membrane compartment in stacks
-membrane contain chlorophyll pigments that comprise photosystems and electron transport proteins b/w photosystems in thylakoid membrane
light dependent reactions occur here
folding of the membrane= increased efficiency

Question 19

Describe the stroma

Answer 19

fluid between inner membrane and thylakoids
carbon- fixation cycles (Calvin- Benson cycle)

Question 20

Describe the mitochondria

Answer 20

double membranes allow different metabolic reactions
get energy from macromolecules
- kreb cycle (citric acid cycle) occurs in the matrix
electron transport and atp synthesis occur in the inner mitochondrial membrane
folding of inner membrane- increased SA- more ATP

Question 21

Describe vacuoles

Answer 21

storage, release of water, macromolecules, cellular waste products
plants- vacuoles- retention of water –> turgor pressure: water pushing against plasma membrane and cell wall

Question 22

Describe lysosomes

Answer 22

hydrolytic enzymes-intracellural digestion, recycling of organic materials, apoptosis (programmed cell death)

Question 23

Describe ER

Answer 23

provides mechanical support
intracellular transport
Rough ER- protein synthesis on ribosomes on the RER membrane

Question 24

What are some similarities between plant and animal cells?

Answer 24

Nuclear envelope
nuclear pores
nucleolus
rough er
smooth er
golgi apparutus
vacuoles
plasma membrane mitochondria

Question 25

What do plant cells have that animal cells don’t?

Answer 25

chloroplasts
cell wall
central vacuole

Question 26

What is chromatin?

Answer 26

composed of proteins, DNA and RNA

Question 27

Where are ribosome subunits produced?

Answer 27

In the nucleolus but come togethering in the cyoplasm

Question 28

What are ribosomes made out of?

Answer 28

rRNA and proteins

Question 29

what are the 2 types of ribosomes and where can you find them?

Answer 29

free floating- in the cytoplasm
attached- to the rough ER

Question 30

What are the three types of vacuoles?

Answer 30

food, contractile and central

Question 31

What type of vacuole does plants have?

Answer 31

central vacuole

Question 32

What type of vacuoles do animals?

Answer 32

contractile vacuole

Question 33

Which organelles have membranes?

Answer 33

nucleus ER, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, chloroplasts have membranes
ribosomes do not have membrane

Question 34

What are the destinations of free floating ribosomes

Answer 34

nucleus
mitochondria
chloroplasts
peroxosomes

Question 35

what are the destinations of attached ribosomes?

Answer 35

secreted out
lysosome
glycoprotein
ER Lumen
ER membrane
Plasma membrane