Unit 8: Blood / Lymphatic / Cardiovascular Systems Flashcards
are the red blood cells or RBC’s. responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide
erythrocytes
are the white blood cells of WBC’s. responsible for protecting the body against infection
leukocytes
are platelets or plts. they assist in hemostasis and blood clotting
thrombocytes
is the fluid portion of blood
plasma
what are the three formed elements of blood
erythrocytes
leukocytes
thrombocytes
how many red blood cells are there per cubic millimeter
4.8-5.4 million
where are red blood cells produced
red bone marrow
why are red blood cells a biconcave disk
so the cell can move without injury through the narrow blood capillaries
highest level of surface area to carry oxygen
is the principle pigment of the erythrocyte
hemoglobin
one hemoglobin is composed of how many protein chains called globin
4
each protein chain contains a reg pigment called
heme
what part of the hemoglobin transports O2
heme
what part of the hemoglobin transports CO2
globin
what are the five leukocytes
neutrophils basophils eosinophils lymphocytes monocytes
have cytoplasmic granules which stain pink or light purple. most numerous of all leukocytes.
neutrophils
have large cytoplasmic granules which stain dark blue or purple.
basophils
contain large cytoplasmic granules which stain reddish-orange
eosinophils
what are the three granular leukocytes
neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
have a dark kidney shaped nucleus. light bluish=gray cytoplasm. become macrophages
monocytes
have a large spherical nucleus surrounded by a limited amount of pale blue stained cytoplasm. will specialize into T, B, lymphocytes
Lymphocytes
are the leukocytes that perform phagocytosis
Monocytes, neutrophils
are present in bacterial infection
neutrophils
cells produce histamine (inflammation response) and heparin (anticoagulant)
Basophils
ingest inflammatory chemicals and proteins to help protect against allergens (allergies)
eosinphils
are the largest of the leukocytes
Monocytes
are the smallest of the leukocytes
Lymphocytes
what are the agranular leukocytes
monocytes
leukocytes
refers to stopping blood flow which is extremely important when the blood vessels are damaged. (blood clotting)
hemostasis
what are the three stages of hemostasis
vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation
occurs when an arteriole or venule is broken or has been cut. muscles in the blood vessel wall are stimulated to contract and the blood loss is decreased almost immediately
vascular spasm
platelets tend to stick to the exposed ends (collagen) or injured blood vessels.
platelet plug formation
is the actual formation of a clot;
coagulation
is a blood clot that has formed abnormally in a blood vessel. a STATIONARY blood clot
thrombus
occurs when a thrombus has been dislodged or fragmented and is carried away from the original site by the flow of blood. MOVING blood clot
embolus
what are the four blood types
A, B, AB, O
blood type A has what antigen and what antibody
antigen A, Antibody B
bloody type B has what antigen and what antibody
antigen B, Antibody A
blood type AB has what antigen and what antibody
antigens A and B, Neither antibody
blood type O has what antigen and what antibody
Neither, Both antibodies A and B
refers to the presence or absence protein D on the membranes of the erythrocytes
Rh factor
refers to the presence of protein D on the erythrocyte membrane
Rh+
refers to the absence of protein D on the erythrocyte membrane
Rh-
results from inadequate numbers of erythrocytes or a deficiency in the production of normal hemoglobin
anemias
is caused by a decrease in the amount of circulating erythrocytes lost because of hemorrhage or bleeding. associated with trauma or surgery
hemorrhagic anemia
is characterized by the inability of the red bone marrow to produce erythrocytes which have been destroyed due to toxic chemicals; associated with chemotherapy patients
aplastic anemia
occurs when the body is deficient of iron which impairs the body’s ability to make normal hemoglobin
iron deficiency anemia
occurs when there is a dietary deficiency of vitamin B12 or the loss of the intrinsic factor from the lining of the stomach which prevents B12 absorption
pernicious anemia
results from the abnormal destruction of erythrocytes.
hemolytic anemia
occurs in the fetus if the fetus is Rh+ while the mother is Rh-. the antibodies cross the placena and begin to destroy the Rh+ red blood cells
hemolytic disease of the Newborn OR erythroblastosis fetalis
results in the inability to produce blood-clotting factor VIII. fibrinogen cannot be converted to fibrin and the blood cannot clot
hemophilia
is a cancer of the blood characterized by the overproduction of immature white blood cells
leukemia
is a noncancerous leukocyte disorder caused by a virus. transmitted in the saliva and is nicknamed the “kissing disease”
mononucleosis or infectious mononucleosis
is an excessive number of erythrocytes. disease is caused by an overproduction of blood cells within the body
polycythemia
is an deficiency in white blood cells in the body
leukocytopenia
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
…
are large lymphoid nodules located in the wall of the pharynx, and include the adenoids and palatine
tonsils
is the largest collection of lymphatic tissue in the body; located in the LUQ
spleen
is posterior to the sternum and superior to the heart; produces a hormone called thymosin which helps to mature lymphocytes into T-lymphocytes (T-cells)
thymus
are small, oval, lymphatic organs which are surrounded by a fibrous capsule. located in clusters along the lymphatic vessels. contain large number of lymphocytes.; filter and purify the lymph before it is returned to the blood
lymph nodes
production of all blood cell types; located in the spongy bone
red bone marrow
are similar to veins containing valves. transport lymph through the body back to the blood
lymph vessels
is a foreign protein capable of initiating the immune response and the production of antibodies
antigen
is a globular protein produced by the B-plasma cells which will bind to specific antigens to promote their destruction or removal
antibodies
are white blood cells which were produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland
T-cells
CMI
cell-mediated immunity
what are the four T-cells
Cytotoxic (NK) T-cells
Helper T-cells
Memory T-cells
Suppressor T-cells
are known as the killer T-cells which help to tract down bacteria, fungi, or foreign tissues that contain antigens. perform phagocytosis
Cytotoxic T-cells
release a variety of chemicals which help to coordinate specific and nonspecific defenses, stimulate cell-mediated immunity
Helper T-cells
store a code of the antigen which may be used if the antigen appears a second time
Memory T-cells
stop the responses of the T-cells and the B-cells when the level of the antigen has decreased
Suppressor T-cells
are white blood cells which are produced in the bone marrow and matured elsewhere
B-cells
what are the two types of B-cells
Plasma Cells
Memory B-cells
make and secrete larger number of antibodies that will fight against antigens
plasma cells
preventing the antigen from attaching to a cell by binding the toxin or virus
neutralization
the process of clumping antigens together by making them easier to find and be destroyed
agglutination
helps to destroy the antigen by attracting more phagocytic cells to the area, destroy cell membranes, and promoting inflammation
activation of the complement
help in the response to a second exposure to the same antigens. provide rapid response to the antigen
Memory B-cells
occurs when the person has been exposed to an antigen and the body produces antibodies
active immunity
occurs when the person has been given the antibodies to fight a specific antigen
passive immunity
begins at birth and is enhanced when the individual is exposed to new antigens and the person makes antibodies
natural immunity
stimulates the production of antibodies under controlled conditions so the individual will be able to overcome any natural exposure
artificial immunity
give an example of active acquired natural immunity
been exposed to antigen, getting the chicken pox
give an example of passive acquired natural immunity
breast fed
give an example of active acquired artificial immunity
shot (medicine)
give an example of passive acquired artificial immunity
snake bites, spider bites (antivenom)
Active =
long term
Passive =
short term
is an infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which infects the T-helper cells resulting in the progressive destruction of cell mediated immunity
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
what are the two opportunistic infections that AIDS patients get
Kaposi’s sarcoma and pneumocystis carnii pneumonia
when does HIV change to AIDS
when your helper T-cell count [CD4 cell] drops below 200 cells per mm cubed
also known as rubeola, is a highly contagious viral infection that may be one of the most dangerous childhood infections.
measles
is a viral infection affecting the parotid salivary glands. it may cause sterility or meningitis.
mumps
or German measles, is a mildly contagious viral infection which produces a three day rash and swelling of the lymph nodes.
rubella
also known as lockjaw, is a bacterial infection. generally systemic and is fatal in over 50% of unimmunized people. stepping on a nail
tetanus
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
…
is the outermost layer of the heart; composed of epithelial tissue and some connective tissue
epicardium
is the middle, muscular wall of the heart. composed of cardiac muscle, blood vessels, and nerves
myocardium
is the most inner layer of the heart. composed of epithelial tissue and is very smooth
endocardium
are the two superior chambers and are called the “receiving chambers”
atrium
receives deoxygenated blood from the superior/inferior vena cava
right atrium
receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins and the lungs
left atrium
are the two inferior chambers. are often called the “pumping chambers”
ventricles
pumps deoxygenated blood into pulmonary arteries which take blood to the lungs
right ventricle
pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta
left ventricle
drains deoxygenated blood from veins in the head, neck, and arms into the right atrium
superior vena cava
drains deoxygenated blood from veins in the abdomen and legs into the right atrium
inferior vena cava
is the first portion of the pulmonary artery. arises from the right ventricle after the pulmonary semilunar valve
pulmonary trunk
branch from the pulmonary trunk to take deoxygenated blood to the lungs
pulmonary arteries
take oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart
pulmonary veins
the only vein that contains oxygenated blood
pulmonary vein
the only artery that contains deoxygenated blood
pulmonary artery
is the largest artery in the body extending from the left ventricle
aorta
what are the three branches of the aorta
brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid, and the left subclavian artery
transports blood into arteries supplying the right arm and the right side of the head
brachiocephalic artery
transports blood into the arteries which will supply the left side of the head
left common carotid artery
transports blood into arteries of the left arm
left subclavian artery
is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle
tricuspid
is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
pulmonary semilunar valve
is located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
bicuspid (mitral valve)
is located between the left ventricle and the aorta
aortic semilunar valve
is the hearts own internal conducting system which allows it to control its own beat
cardiac conductive system OR intrinsic conduction
what are the five parts of the cardiac conductive system in order
SA node AV node AV bundle (Bundle of His) Bundle branches Purkinje fibers
is known as the pacemaker.
SA node
will slow down the nerve impulses allowing for the complete contraction of both atria
AV (atrioventricular) node
relayed into the right and left bundle branches. take impulses to the right and left ventricles
Av bundles
stimulates the myocardium of both ventricles to contract simultaneously
Purkinje fibers
contraction of the heart
systole
relaxation of the heart
diastole
the sound, is created when blood hits against the closed AV valves
lubb
the pulmonary semilunar valve and the aortic semilunar valve are closed by arterial blood flowing back toward the ventricles. this sound is called the
dubb
is the volume of blood pumped with each heartbeat
stroke volume (SV)
is the number of heart beats in one minute
Heart rate (HR)
is determined by the volume of blood pumped out of the ventricles by each beat multipled by the heart rate
cardiac output (CO)
cardiac output =
Stroke Volume (SV) * Heart Rate (HR) SV x HR = CO
is a blood vessel which transports blood away from the heart
arteries
small arteries
arteriole
what are the three layers of an artery
Tunica externa (adventitia) Tunica media Tunica intima (endothelium)
the outer layer of an artery is composed of fibrous connective tissue provides flexible support that resists collapse or injury
tunica externa (adventitia)
the middle layer of an artery, is composed of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue. allows for constriction and dilation of the blood vessels
tunica media
the inner layer of an artery is composed of epithelial tissue and provides a smooth inner lining
tunica intima (endothelium)
is the site of nutrient and waste exchange between blood and the body cells. carries blood from the arterioles to the venules
capillaries
is a blood vessel which transports blood toward the heart
vein
outer layer of a vein. provides flexible support that resists collapse or injury
tunica externa
middle layer of a vein. allows for constriction and dilation of the blood vessels
tunica media
inner layer of a vein. modified with valves to ensure the flow of blood in one direction
tunica intima
as an alternate expansion and recoil of an artery
pulse
pulse felt at the wrist on the thumb side.
radial artery (pulse)
is felt in front of the ear or above and to the outer side of the eye
temporal artery (pulse)
is felt along the sides of the trachea in the neck
common carotid artery (pulse)
is felt at the lower margin of the lower jawbone
facial artery (pulse)
is felt at the inner bend of the elbow in the antecubital space
brachial artery (pulse)
is located in the groin
femoral artery (pulse)
is felt in the area (pit) behind the knee
Popliteal artery (pulse)
artery is felt on the upper surface of the foot
Dorsal Pedis Artery (pulse)
measures blood pressure
sphygmomanometer
in listening to blood pressure. increasingly louder sounds that suddenly change becoming more muffled and disappearing altogether
Korotkoff sounds
high blood pressure
hypertension
low blood pressure
hypotension
is an abnormal dilation found in an arterial wall
aneurysm
is the hardening of an artery which impairs its ability to regulate blood pressure
arteriosclerosis
is a form of arteriosclerosis which is characterized by the formation of fatty plaques in the arteries
atherosclerosis
is a sudden impairment of the cerebral circulation in one or more of the blood vessels
cerebrovascular accident
occurs when there is a defect in the cusp of a heart valve resulting in the leakage of blood through the closed valve
murmur
a heart attack; occurs when the supply of blood and oxygen to an area of the myocardium is blocked causing the death of the myocardium
Myocardial Infarction (MI) (Heart Attack)
what are the four proteins in plasma
albumins
globulins
fibrinogens
others
are the proteins in plasma responsible for immunity
globulins
are the proteins in plasma responsible for thickening
albumins
are the proteins in plasma responsible for clotting
fibrinogens
refers to the normal beating of the heart
sinus rhythm
is due to the stimulation (contraction) of the atria
P wave
shows the stimulation (contraction) of the ventricles. The atria relax as the ventricles contract
QRS complex
is the recovery (relaxation) of the ventricles
T wave
