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Basic Medical Anatomy > Unit 8: Blood / Lymphatic / Cardiovascular Systems > Flashcards

Unit 8: Blood / Lymphatic / Cardiovascular Systems Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

are the red blood cells or RBC’s. responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

erythrocytes

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2
Q

are the white blood cells of WBC’s. responsible for protecting the body against infection

A

leukocytes

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3
Q

are platelets or plts. they assist in hemostasis and blood clotting

A

thrombocytes

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4
Q

is the fluid portion of blood

A

plasma

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5
Q

what are the three formed elements of blood

A

erythrocytes
leukocytes
thrombocytes

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6
Q

how many red blood cells are there per cubic millimeter

A

4.8-5.4 million

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7
Q

where are red blood cells produced

A

red bone marrow

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8
Q

why are red blood cells a biconcave disk

A

so the cell can move without injury through the narrow blood capillaries
highest level of surface area to carry oxygen

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9
Q

is the principle pigment of the erythrocyte

A

hemoglobin

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10
Q

one hemoglobin is composed of how many protein chains called globin

A

4

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11
Q

each protein chain contains a reg pigment called

A

heme

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12
Q

what part of the hemoglobin transports O2

A

heme

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13
Q

what part of the hemoglobin transports CO2

A

globin

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14
Q

what are the five leukocytes

A 
neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
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15
Q

have cytoplasmic granules which stain pink or light purple. most numerous of all leukocytes.

A

neutrophils

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16
Q

have large cytoplasmic granules which stain dark blue or purple.

A

basophils

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17
Q

contain large cytoplasmic granules which stain reddish-orange

A

eosinophils

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18
Q

what are the three granular leukocytes

A

neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils

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19
Q

have a dark kidney shaped nucleus. light bluish=gray cytoplasm. become macrophages

A

monocytes

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20
Q

have a large spherical nucleus surrounded by a limited amount of pale blue stained cytoplasm. will specialize into T, B, lymphocytes

A

Lymphocytes

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21
Q

are the leukocytes that perform phagocytosis

A

Monocytes, neutrophils

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22
Q

are present in bacterial infection

A

neutrophils

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23
Q

cells produce histamine (inflammation response) and heparin (anticoagulant)

A

Basophils

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24
Q

ingest inflammatory chemicals and proteins to help protect against allergens (allergies)

A

eosinphils

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25
Q

are the largest of the leukocytes

A

Monocytes

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26
Q

are the smallest of the leukocytes

A

Lymphocytes

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27
Q

what are the agranular leukocytes

A

monocytes

leukocytes

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28
Q

refers to stopping blood flow which is extremely important when the blood vessels are damaged. (blood clotting)

A

hemostasis

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29
Q

what are the three stages of hemostasis

A

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation

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30
Q

occurs when an arteriole or venule is broken or has been cut. muscles in the blood vessel wall are stimulated to contract and the blood loss is decreased almost immediately

A

vascular spasm

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31
Q

platelets tend to stick to the exposed ends (collagen) or injured blood vessels.

A

platelet plug formation

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32
Q

is the actual formation of a clot;

A

coagulation

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33
Q

is a blood clot that has formed abnormally in a blood vessel. a STATIONARY blood clot

A

thrombus

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34
Q

occurs when a thrombus has been dislodged or fragmented and is carried away from the original site by the flow of blood. MOVING blood clot

A

embolus

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35
Q

what are the four blood types

A

A, B, AB, O

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36
Q

blood type A has what antigen and what antibody

A

antigen A, Antibody B

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37
Q

bloody type B has what antigen and what antibody

A

antigen B, Antibody A

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38
Q

blood type AB has what antigen and what antibody

A

antigens A and B, Neither antibody

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39
Q

blood type O has what antigen and what antibody

A

Neither, Both antibodies A and B

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40
Q

refers to the presence or absence protein D on the membranes of the erythrocytes

A

Rh factor

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41
Q

refers to the presence of protein D on the erythrocyte membrane

A

Rh+

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42
Q

refers to the absence of protein D on the erythrocyte membrane

A

Rh-

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43
Q

results from inadequate numbers of erythrocytes or a deficiency in the production of normal hemoglobin

A

anemias

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44
Q

is caused by a decrease in the amount of circulating erythrocytes lost because of hemorrhage or bleeding. associated with trauma or surgery

A

hemorrhagic anemia

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45
Q

is characterized by the inability of the red bone marrow to produce erythrocytes which have been destroyed due to toxic chemicals; associated with chemotherapy patients

A

aplastic anemia

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46
Q

occurs when the body is deficient of iron which impairs the body’s ability to make normal hemoglobin

A

iron deficiency anemia

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47
Q

occurs when there is a dietary deficiency of vitamin B12 or the loss of the intrinsic factor from the lining of the stomach which prevents B12 absorption

A

pernicious anemia

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48
Q

results from the abnormal destruction of erythrocytes.

A

hemolytic anemia

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49
Q

occurs in the fetus if the fetus is Rh+ while the mother is Rh-. the antibodies cross the placena and begin to destroy the Rh+ red blood cells

A

hemolytic disease of the Newborn OR erythroblastosis fetalis

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50
Q

results in the inability to produce blood-clotting factor VIII. fibrinogen cannot be converted to fibrin and the blood cannot clot

A

hemophilia

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51
Q

is a cancer of the blood characterized by the overproduction of immature white blood cells

A

leukemia

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52
Q

is a noncancerous leukocyte disorder caused by a virus. transmitted in the saliva and is nicknamed the “kissing disease”

A

mononucleosis or infectious mononucleosis

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53
Q

is an excessive number of erythrocytes. disease is caused by an overproduction of blood cells within the body

A

polycythemia

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54
Q

is an deficiency in white blood cells in the body

A

leukocytopenia

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55
Q

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

…

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56
Q

are large lymphoid nodules located in the wall of the pharynx, and include the adenoids and palatine

A

tonsils

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57
Q

is the largest collection of lymphatic tissue in the body; located in the LUQ

A

spleen

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58
Q

is posterior to the sternum and superior to the heart; produces a hormone called thymosin which helps to mature lymphocytes into T-lymphocytes (T-cells)

A

thymus

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59
Q

are small, oval, lymphatic organs which are surrounded by a fibrous capsule. located in clusters along the lymphatic vessels. contain large number of lymphocytes.; filter and purify the lymph before it is returned to the blood

A

lymph nodes

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60
Q

production of all blood cell types; located in the spongy bone

A

red bone marrow

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61
Q

are similar to veins containing valves. transport lymph through the body back to the blood

A

lymph vessels

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62
Q

is a foreign protein capable of initiating the immune response and the production of antibodies

A

antigen

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63
Q

is a globular protein produced by the B-plasma cells which will bind to specific antigens to promote their destruction or removal

A

antibodies

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64
Q

are white blood cells which were produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland

A

T-cells

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65
Q

CMI

A

cell-mediated immunity

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66
Q

what are the four T-cells

A

Cytotoxic (NK) T-cells
Helper T-cells
Memory T-cells
Suppressor T-cells

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67
Q

are known as the killer T-cells which help to tract down bacteria, fungi, or foreign tissues that contain antigens. perform phagocytosis

A

Cytotoxic T-cells

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68
Q

release a variety of chemicals which help to coordinate specific and nonspecific defenses, stimulate cell-mediated immunity

A

Helper T-cells

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69
Q

store a code of the antigen which may be used if the antigen appears a second time

A

Memory T-cells

70
Q

stop the responses of the T-cells and the B-cells when the level of the antigen has decreased

A

Suppressor T-cells

71
Q

are white blood cells which are produced in the bone marrow and matured elsewhere

A

B-cells

72
Q

what are the two types of B-cells

A

Plasma Cells

Memory B-cells

73
Q

make and secrete larger number of antibodies that will fight against antigens

A

plasma cells

74
Q

preventing the antigen from attaching to a cell by binding the toxin or virus

A

neutralization

75
Q

the process of clumping antigens together by making them easier to find and be destroyed

A

agglutination

76
Q

helps to destroy the antigen by attracting more phagocytic cells to the area, destroy cell membranes, and promoting inflammation

A

activation of the complement

77
Q

help in the response to a second exposure to the same antigens. provide rapid response to the antigen

A

Memory B-cells

78
Q

occurs when the person has been exposed to an antigen and the body produces antibodies

A

active immunity

79
Q

occurs when the person has been given the antibodies to fight a specific antigen

A

passive immunity

80
Q

begins at birth and is enhanced when the individual is exposed to new antigens and the person makes antibodies

A

natural immunity

81
Q

stimulates the production of antibodies under controlled conditions so the individual will be able to overcome any natural exposure

A

artificial immunity

82
Q

give an example of active acquired natural immunity

A

been exposed to antigen, getting the chicken pox

83
Q

give an example of passive acquired natural immunity

A

breast fed

84
Q

give an example of active acquired artificial immunity

A

shot (medicine)

85
Q

give an example of passive acquired artificial immunity

A

snake bites, spider bites (antivenom)

86
Q

Active =

A

long term

87
Q

Passive =

A

short term

88
Q

is an infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which infects the T-helper cells resulting in the progressive destruction of cell mediated immunity

A

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

89
Q

what are the two opportunistic infections that AIDS patients get

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma and pneumocystis carnii pneumonia

90
Q

when does HIV change to AIDS

A

when your helper T-cell count [CD4 cell] drops below 200 cells per mm cubed

91
Q

also known as rubeola, is a highly contagious viral infection that may be one of the most dangerous childhood infections.

A

measles

92
Q

is a viral infection affecting the parotid salivary glands. it may cause sterility or meningitis.

A

mumps

93
Q

or German measles, is a mildly contagious viral infection which produces a three day rash and swelling of the lymph nodes.

A

rubella

94
Q

also known as lockjaw, is a bacterial infection. generally systemic and is fatal in over 50% of unimmunized people. stepping on a nail

A

tetanus

95
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

…

96
Q

is the outermost layer of the heart; composed of epithelial tissue and some connective tissue

A

epicardium

97
Q

is the middle, muscular wall of the heart. composed of cardiac muscle, blood vessels, and nerves

A

myocardium

98
Q

is the most inner layer of the heart. composed of epithelial tissue and is very smooth

A

endocardium

99
Q

are the two superior chambers and are called the “receiving chambers”

A

atrium

100
Q

receives deoxygenated blood from the superior/inferior vena cava

A

right atrium

101
Q

receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins and the lungs

A

left atrium

102
Q

are the two inferior chambers. are often called the “pumping chambers”

A

ventricles

103
Q

pumps deoxygenated blood into pulmonary arteries which take blood to the lungs

A

right ventricle

104
Q

pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta

A

left ventricle

105
Q

drains deoxygenated blood from veins in the head, neck, and arms into the right atrium

A

superior vena cava

106
Q

drains deoxygenated blood from veins in the abdomen and legs into the right atrium

A

inferior vena cava

107
Q

is the first portion of the pulmonary artery. arises from the right ventricle after the pulmonary semilunar valve

A

pulmonary trunk

108
Q

branch from the pulmonary trunk to take deoxygenated blood to the lungs

A

pulmonary arteries

109
Q

take oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart

A

pulmonary veins

110
Q

the only vein that contains oxygenated blood

A

pulmonary vein

111
Q

the only artery that contains deoxygenated blood

A

pulmonary artery

112
Q

is the largest artery in the body extending from the left ventricle

A

aorta

113
Q

what are the three branches of the aorta

A

brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid, and the left subclavian artery

114
Q

transports blood into arteries supplying the right arm and the right side of the head

A

brachiocephalic artery

115
Q

transports blood into the arteries which will supply the left side of the head

A

left common carotid artery

116
Q

transports blood into arteries of the left arm

A

left subclavian artery

117
Q

is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle

A

tricuspid

118
Q

is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

119
Q

is located between the left atrium and left ventricle.

A

bicuspid (mitral valve)

120
Q

is located between the left ventricle and the aorta

A

aortic semilunar valve

121
Q

is the hearts own internal conducting system which allows it to control its own beat

A

cardiac conductive system OR intrinsic conduction

122
Q

what are the five parts of the cardiac conductive system in order

A 
SA node
AV node
AV bundle (Bundle of His)
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
123
Q

is known as the pacemaker.

A

SA node

124
Q

will slow down the nerve impulses allowing for the complete contraction of both atria

A

AV (atrioventricular) node

125
Q

relayed into the right and left bundle branches. take impulses to the right and left ventricles

A

Av bundles

126
Q

stimulates the myocardium of both ventricles to contract simultaneously

A

Purkinje fibers

127
Q

contraction of the heart

A

systole

128
Q

relaxation of the heart

A

diastole

129
Q

the sound, is created when blood hits against the closed AV valves

A

lubb

130
Q

the pulmonary semilunar valve and the aortic semilunar valve are closed by arterial blood flowing back toward the ventricles. this sound is called the

A

dubb

131
Q

is the volume of blood pumped with each heartbeat

A

stroke volume (SV)

132
Q

is the number of heart beats in one minute

A

Heart rate (HR)

133
Q

is determined by the volume of blood pumped out of the ventricles by each beat multipled by the heart rate

A

cardiac output (CO)

134
Q

cardiac output =

A 
Stroke Volume (SV) * Heart Rate (HR) 
SV x HR = CO
135
Q

is a blood vessel which transports blood away from the heart

A

arteries

136
Q

small arteries

A

arteriole

137
Q

what are the three layers of an artery

A 
Tunica externa (adventitia) 
Tunica media
Tunica intima (endothelium)
138
Q

the outer layer of an artery is composed of fibrous connective tissue provides flexible support that resists collapse or injury

A

tunica externa (adventitia)

139
Q

the middle layer of an artery, is composed of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue. allows for constriction and dilation of the blood vessels

A

tunica media

140
Q

the inner layer of an artery is composed of epithelial tissue and provides a smooth inner lining

A

tunica intima (endothelium)

141
Q

is the site of nutrient and waste exchange between blood and the body cells. carries blood from the arterioles to the venules

A

capillaries

142
Q

is a blood vessel which transports blood toward the heart

A

vein

143
Q

outer layer of a vein. provides flexible support that resists collapse or injury

A

tunica externa

144
Q

middle layer of a vein. allows for constriction and dilation of the blood vessels

A

tunica media

145
Q

inner layer of a vein. modified with valves to ensure the flow of blood in one direction

A

tunica intima

146
Q

as an alternate expansion and recoil of an artery

A

pulse

147
Q

pulse felt at the wrist on the thumb side.

A

radial artery (pulse)

148
Q

is felt in front of the ear or above and to the outer side of the eye

A

temporal artery (pulse)

149
Q

is felt along the sides of the trachea in the neck

A

common carotid artery (pulse)

150
Q

is felt at the lower margin of the lower jawbone

A

facial artery (pulse)

151
Q

is felt at the inner bend of the elbow in the antecubital space

A

brachial artery (pulse)

152
Q

is located in the groin

A

femoral artery (pulse)

153
Q

is felt in the area (pit) behind the knee

A

Popliteal artery (pulse)

154
Q

artery is felt on the upper surface of the foot

A

Dorsal Pedis Artery (pulse)

155
Q

measures blood pressure

A

sphygmomanometer

156
Q

in listening to blood pressure. increasingly louder sounds that suddenly change becoming more muffled and disappearing altogether

A

Korotkoff sounds

157
Q

high blood pressure

A

hypertension

158
Q

low blood pressure

A

hypotension

159
Q

is an abnormal dilation found in an arterial wall

A

aneurysm

160
Q

is the hardening of an artery which impairs its ability to regulate blood pressure

A

arteriosclerosis

161
Q

is a form of arteriosclerosis which is characterized by the formation of fatty plaques in the arteries

A

atherosclerosis

162
Q

is a sudden impairment of the cerebral circulation in one or more of the blood vessels

A

cerebrovascular accident

163
Q

occurs when there is a defect in the cusp of a heart valve resulting in the leakage of blood through the closed valve

A

murmur

164
Q

a heart attack; occurs when the supply of blood and oxygen to an area of the myocardium is blocked causing the death of the myocardium

A

Myocardial Infarction (MI) (Heart Attack)

165
Q

what are the four proteins in plasma

A

albumins
globulins
fibrinogens
others

166
Q

are the proteins in plasma responsible for immunity

A

globulins

167
Q

are the proteins in plasma responsible for thickening

A

albumins

168
Q

are the proteins in plasma responsible for clotting

A

fibrinogens

169
Q

refers to the normal beating of the heart

A

sinus rhythm

170
Q

is due to the stimulation (contraction) of the atria

A

P wave

171
Q

shows the stimulation (contraction) of the ventricles. The atria relax as the ventricles contract

A

QRS complex

172
Q

is the recovery (relaxation) of the ventricles

A

T wave

Basic Medical Anatomy (12 decks)

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