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Basic Medical Anatomy > Unit 11: Urinary System > Flashcards

Unit 11: Urinary System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what are the functions of the urinary system (no need to know them all word for word)

A 
regulate composition and volume of blood
excretes water
maintains blood pressure
helps regulate metabolic processes
helps to regulate the pH of blood
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2
Q

are paired organs. found in the posterior abdominal wall. attached to the aorta by the renal artery

A

kidney

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3
Q

wall behind the peritoneum

A

retroperitoneal (notice the the word elements)

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4
Q

are long, slender tubes which extend from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder. transport urine from kidney to bladder

A

ureters

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5
Q

a sac-like structure found in the pelvic cavity. connects ureters and the urethra. hold urine until micturition

A

bladder

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6
Q

a small tube (2 inches in females and 8 inches in males)

A

urethra

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7
Q

is the notch near the center of the concave medial border through which the ureter leaves the kidney

A

hilus, hilum

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8
Q

is the outer, reddish section of the kidney

A

renal cortex

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9
Q

is the middle, brownish area of the kidney

A

renal medulla

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10
Q

are 8 to 18 triangular structures located within the medulla

A

renal (medullary) pyramids

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11
Q

is a large cavity within the renal sinus that collects urine from the renal pyramids

A

renal pelvis

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12
Q

are the functional units of the kidneys

A

nephrons

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13
Q

a tiny area of the kidney where the fluid is filtered as it passes through the kidney

A

renal corpuscle

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14
Q

is a double-walled, endothelial cup surrounding the glomerulus

A

Glomerular (Bowman’s capsule)

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15
Q

blood vessel that brings blood into the glomerulus

A

afferent arteriole

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16
Q

is the blood vessel that exits the glomerulus.

A

efferent arteriole

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17
Q

are large pores in the endothelial walls of the capillaries of the glomerulus

A

fenestrae

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18
Q

are cells of the walls of the glomerular (Bowman’s_ capsule that have slits in them that work in conjuction with the fenestrae

A

podocytes

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19
Q

is an epithelium structure that provides areas for filtered fluid to pass through to fine tune the composition of urine

A

renal tubule

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20
Q

blood vessels (capillaries) surrounding the renal tubules

A

peritubular capillaries

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21
Q

located where the distal convoluted tubule touches the afferent arterioles

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

22
Q

first step in urine production. forcing of fluids and dissolved substances from the blood through a membrane by pressure from the Bowman’s capsule

A

Glomerular filtration

23
Q

the movement of certain amounts of fluid and filtrate from the renal tubule back into the blood. both active and passive transport. reabsorbed substances are moved out of the tubule and enter the blood of the peritubular capillary

A

tubular reabsorption

24
Q

the addition of materials to the filtrate from the blood. essential the opposite of reabsorption

A

tubular secretion

25
Q

what are the three basic physiological processes of urine

A

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

26
Q

an analysis of the volume, physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of the urine

A

urinalysis

27
Q

the amount of urine produced

A

urine volume

28
Q

refers to the concentration of urine as compared to water

A

specific gravity

29
Q

what are the four organic components of urine

A

urea
uric acid
creatine
ketone bodies

30
Q

a crystalline solid found in blood, lymph, and urine formed by deamination of amino acids

A

urea

31
Q

a crystalline acid occurring as an end product of nucleic acid metabolism

A

uric acid

32
Q

the decomposition product of the metabolism of phosphocreatine - an end product of muscle metabolism and/or energy metabolism

A

creatine

33
Q

substance containing carboxyl groups as a result of incomplete metabolism of fatty acids

A

ketone bodies

34
Q

what are six abnormal components of urine

A 
glucose
ketone bodies
erythocytes
leukocytes
bilirubin
microbes
35
Q

glucose in the urine

A

glucosuria or glycosuria

36
Q

ketone bodies in the urine

A

ketosis or acetonuria

37
Q

blood in the urine

A

hematuria

38
Q

leukcoytes or other components of pus in the urine

A

pyuria

39
Q

excessive amounts of bilirubin in the urine

A

bilirubinuria

40
Q

production and evaporation of fluids from the body in an attempt to regulate body temperature

A

sweat

41
Q

some water is eliminated by the body through defecation

A

feces

42
Q

some fluid is lost from the body through ventilation of exhaled water vapor

A

exhaled vapor

43
Q

what are the three terms that are used to indicate urination

A

micturition, urinate, voiding

44
Q

inflammation of the urinary bladder caused by bacteria

A

cystitis

45
Q

is the excessive urination of water due to a lack of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH). kidneys are not able to absorb water which results in excessive formation of urine

A

diabetes insipidus

46
Q

inflammation of the glomeruli, is caused by bacterial infection.

A

glomerulonephritis

47
Q

is the ability to control urination.

A

incontinence

48
Q

are crystallized mineral chunks that develop in the renal pelvis of calyces

A

kidney stones (renal calculi, nephrolithiasis

49
Q

is the sudden interruption of kidney function due to obstruction, reduced circulation, or kidney disease

A

renal failure

50
Q

include cystitis and urethritis. generally caused by bacteria and are treated with antibiotics

A

urinary tract infections

Basic Medical Anatomy (12 decks)

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