Unit 11: Urinary System Flashcards
what are the functions of the urinary system (no need to know them all word for word)
regulate composition and volume of blood excretes water maintains blood pressure helps regulate metabolic processes helps to regulate the pH of blood
are paired organs. found in the posterior abdominal wall. attached to the aorta by the renal artery
kidney
wall behind the peritoneum
retroperitoneal (notice the the word elements)
are long, slender tubes which extend from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder. transport urine from kidney to bladder
ureters
a sac-like structure found in the pelvic cavity. connects ureters and the urethra. hold urine until micturition
bladder
a small tube (2 inches in females and 8 inches in males)
urethra
is the notch near the center of the concave medial border through which the ureter leaves the kidney
hilus, hilum
is the outer, reddish section of the kidney
renal cortex
is the middle, brownish area of the kidney
renal medulla
are 8 to 18 triangular structures located within the medulla
renal (medullary) pyramids
is a large cavity within the renal sinus that collects urine from the renal pyramids
renal pelvis
are the functional units of the kidneys
nephrons
a tiny area of the kidney where the fluid is filtered as it passes through the kidney
renal corpuscle
is a double-walled, endothelial cup surrounding the glomerulus
Glomerular (Bowman’s capsule)
blood vessel that brings blood into the glomerulus
afferent arteriole
is the blood vessel that exits the glomerulus.
efferent arteriole
are large pores in the endothelial walls of the capillaries of the glomerulus
fenestrae
are cells of the walls of the glomerular (Bowman’s_ capsule that have slits in them that work in conjuction with the fenestrae
podocytes
is an epithelium structure that provides areas for filtered fluid to pass through to fine tune the composition of urine
renal tubule
blood vessels (capillaries) surrounding the renal tubules
peritubular capillaries
located where the distal convoluted tubule touches the afferent arterioles
juxtaglomerular apparatus
first step in urine production. forcing of fluids and dissolved substances from the blood through a membrane by pressure from the Bowman’s capsule
Glomerular filtration
the movement of certain amounts of fluid and filtrate from the renal tubule back into the blood. both active and passive transport. reabsorbed substances are moved out of the tubule and enter the blood of the peritubular capillary
tubular reabsorption
the addition of materials to the filtrate from the blood. essential the opposite of reabsorption
tubular secretion
what are the three basic physiological processes of urine
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion
an analysis of the volume, physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of the urine
urinalysis
the amount of urine produced
urine volume
refers to the concentration of urine as compared to water
specific gravity
what are the four organic components of urine
urea
uric acid
creatine
ketone bodies
a crystalline solid found in blood, lymph, and urine formed by deamination of amino acids
urea
a crystalline acid occurring as an end product of nucleic acid metabolism
uric acid
the decomposition product of the metabolism of phosphocreatine - an end product of muscle metabolism and/or energy metabolism
creatine
substance containing carboxyl groups as a result of incomplete metabolism of fatty acids
ketone bodies
what are six abnormal components of urine
glucose ketone bodies erythocytes leukocytes bilirubin microbes
glucose in the urine
glucosuria or glycosuria
ketone bodies in the urine
ketosis or acetonuria
blood in the urine
hematuria
leukcoytes or other components of pus in the urine
pyuria
excessive amounts of bilirubin in the urine
bilirubinuria
production and evaporation of fluids from the body in an attempt to regulate body temperature
sweat
some water is eliminated by the body through defecation
feces
some fluid is lost from the body through ventilation of exhaled water vapor
exhaled vapor
what are the three terms that are used to indicate urination
micturition, urinate, voiding
inflammation of the urinary bladder caused by bacteria
cystitis
is the excessive urination of water due to a lack of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH). kidneys are not able to absorb water which results in excessive formation of urine
diabetes insipidus
inflammation of the glomeruli, is caused by bacterial infection.
glomerulonephritis
is the ability to control urination.
incontinence
are crystallized mineral chunks that develop in the renal pelvis of calyces
kidney stones (renal calculi, nephrolithiasis
is the sudden interruption of kidney function due to obstruction, reduced circulation, or kidney disease
renal failure
include cystitis and urethritis. generally caused by bacteria and are treated with antibiotics
urinary tract infections
