Unit 4: Skeletal System Flashcards
what are the six functions of the skeletal system
Support Protection Movement facilitation Mineral Storage Storage of Energy Hematopoiesis (Hemopoiesis)
how does the skeletal system provide support
a framework for the body
how does the skeletal system provide protection
bones protect the brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs, and reproductive organs
how does the skeletal system provide movement facilitation
bones serve as levers to convert muscular contraction
how does the skeletal system provide mineral storage
bone store calcium and phosphorus in the bone matrix
how does the skeletal system provide storage of energy
yellow bone marrow serves as an important reservoir of lipids
how does the skeletal system provide hematopoiesis
produces erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes
red blood cells
erythrocytes
white blood cells
leukocytes
thrombocytes
platelets
what are the three bone cells
osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts
are responsible for bone (B)uilding/formation
osteoblasts
are mature bone cells-principle cells of bone tissue
osteocytes
is located within an osteocyte, transplates to “little lake” fluid containing osteocyte
lacunae
connects an osteon to another osteon
cannaliculi
are cells that break down bone tissue
osteoclasts
is bone formation using cartilage “model” to shape the bone; the cartilage is eventually replaced with compact or spongy bone; has a primary and secondary ossification center
endochondral bone formation
bone that forms from membrane-like layers of primitive connective tissue;
intramembranous formation
the process by which bones form in the body by replacing pre-existing connective tissue with bone
ossification
a dense, white fibrous covering surrounding the surface of the bone
periosteum
the shaft or long, main part of the long bone
diaphysis
the expanded ends of the long bone
epiphysis
is the space or hollow chamber within the diaphysis.
medullary cavity
is blood cell forming tissue located within the spaces or the spongy bone of the long bones
red marrow
is the fat storing tissue found within the medullary cavities of long bones
yellow marrow
is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis in order to reduce friction
articular cartilage
is a thin layer of squamous cells which line the medullary cavity
endosteum
blood vessels and nerves perforate the concentric rings through lateral canals called
Volkmann’s or perforating canals
blood vessels and nerves run the length of the bone and are contained in
osteon or Haversian canals
composed of irregular networks of thin plates of bone with many intercellular spaces called
trabeculae
bones that are longer than they are wide, have distinct diaphysis
long bones
what is examples of long bones
humerus, femur, tibia, metatarsals
cube-shaped, nearly equal in length and width
short bones
what is examples of short bones
some of the carpals and tarsals
generally thin and flat, provide protection for underlying organs, provide surface area for attaching muscle
flat bones
what is examples of flat bones
cranial bones, sternum, scapula
various shaped bones which cannot be classified into any of the three groups
irregular bones
what is examples of irregular bones
facial bones, vertebrae
an opening or hole through a bone which serves as a passageway for nerves and blood vessels
foramen
a tube-like passage within a bone
meatus
a space within a bone lined with a mucus membrane to reduce the weight of the bone
sinus
a fairly deep pit or depression
fossa
a large rounded prominence which articles with another bone
condyle
an elevated, rounded, (knob-like) usually roughened area on a bone. bigger than a tubercle and used for muscle attachment
tuberosity
a very large, blunt process used for muscle attachment; located on the femur
trochanter
a small round process used for muscle attachment
tubercle
any projection from the surface of the bone used in muscle attachment
process
an immovable joint found only between skull bones
sutures
membrane-filled spaces between cranial bones which are more commonly known as the soft spots of a baby’s skull
fontanels
the skull bone encloses and protects the brain
cranium
the lower jaw bone; the only movable bone in the skull
mandible
the upper jaw bone
maxilla
the cheek bones
zygomatic bones
forms the forehead (anterior part of cranium)
frontal bone
form the greater portion of the sides and root of the cranial cavity
parietal
forms the posterior part and the prominent portion of the base of the cranium
occipital
bone situated in the middle part of the base of the skull. forms the sides of the skull and part of the orbit
sphenoid
a light, spongy bone located in the anterior part of the floor of the cranium between the orbits
ethmoid
u-shaped bone; does NOT articulate with any other bone in the body
Hyoid
form the inferior sides of the cranium and part of the cranial floor
temporal
the bony extension from the temporal bone which are posterior to the ears
mastoid process
vertebrae of the neck
cervical vertebrae
vertebrae to which the ribs attach
thoracic vertebrae
large, weight-bearing vertebrae of the lower back
lumbar vertebrae
fused vertebrae which articulate with the pelvic bones
sacral vertebrae
four vertebrae usually fused into two seperate bones
coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx)
lack a synovial cavity. held together by fibrous connective tissue; permit little or no movement
fibrous joints
what are examples of fibrous joints
sutures in the skull
joints which contain a synovial cavity between the articulating bones; covered with hyaline cartilage
synovial joints
lack a synovial cavity; articulating bones are held tightly together by cartilage
cartilaginous joints
what is an example of cartilaginous joints
pubic symphysis, menisci of the knee, intervertebral disks
a band or cord of dense fibrous connective tissue extending from one bone to another; connects bone to bone
ligaments
a band or cord of dense fibrous connective tissue extending from one bone to a muscle for attachment; connects bone to muscle
tendons
when the nucleus pulposus spills out into the spinal canal and presses on the spinal nerves in that region
herniated disk
is a type of arthritis caused by the destruction of cartilage from the joints. most commonly form of arthritis
osteoarthritis
is a loss of bone mass and bone density which leads to porous bones and making them more susceptible to fracture
osteoporosis
is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine resulting in a S-shaped appearance
Scoliosis
is an abnormal curvature of the thoracic vertebrae resulting in a hunchback appearance
Kyphosis
is an abnormal curvature of the lumbar vertebrae resulting in a “sway-back” appearance
Lordosis
occurs when the posterior part of the vertebrae fails to form properly and does not enclose the spinal cord.
spina bifida
are caused by stress on bones placed upon them by trauma or disease condition
fractures/broken bones
tears of the ligaments which are holding two bones together
sprains
tears of the muscle from force or trauma
strain
what are the three structural classifications of joints
Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints
are held together by fibrous connective tissue
fibrous joints
held together by cartilage
cartilaginous joints
held together by ligaments and have a joint capsule
synovial joints
what three things must a joint have to have a joint capsule
synovial membrane
synovial fluid
hyaline cartilage
what are the three functional classifications of joints
Synarthrotic joints
Amphiarthrotic joints
Diarthrotic joints
are the two classification of immovable joints
fibrous joints
synathrotic joints
are the two classification of slightly movable joints
cartilaginous joints
amphiarthrotic joints
are the two classification of freely movable joints
synovial joints
diarthrotic joints
is an exception to the characteristic rules. Is a cartilaginous joint that is immovable
synchondrosis (epiphyseal plate)
is an exception to the characteristic rules. Is a fibrous joint that is slightly movable
syndesmosis
are three type of synarthrotic joints
sutures
gomphosis (roots of teeth/alveolar sockets)
synchondrosis (epiphyseal plate)
are two types of amphiarthrotic joints
symphysis joints (vertebrae and pubic) syndesmosis
what are the six types of diarthrotic joints
hinge Ball and Socket gliding/sliding pivot saddle elipsoidal
