Unit 4: Skeletal System Flashcards by Mirae Whiting

what are the six functions of the skeletal system

Support
Protection 
Movement facilitation
Mineral Storage
Storage of Energy
Hematopoiesis (Hemopoiesis)

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how does the skeletal system provide support

a framework for the body

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how does the skeletal system provide protection

bones protect the brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs, and reproductive organs

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how does the skeletal system provide movement facilitation

bones serve as levers to convert muscular contraction

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how does the skeletal system provide mineral storage

bone store calcium and phosphorus in the bone matrix

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how does the skeletal system provide storage of energy

yellow bone marrow serves as an important reservoir of lipids

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how does the skeletal system provide hematopoiesis

produces erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

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red blood cells

erythrocytes

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white blood cells

leukocytes

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thrombocytes

platelets

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what are the three bone cells

osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

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are responsible for bone (B)uilding/formation

osteoblasts

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are mature bone cells-principle cells of bone tissue

osteocytes

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is located within an osteocyte, transplates to “little lake” fluid containing osteocyte

lacunae

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connects an osteon to another osteon

cannaliculi

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are cells that break down bone tissue

osteoclasts

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is bone formation using cartilage “model” to shape the bone; the cartilage is eventually replaced with compact or spongy bone; has a primary and secondary ossification center

endochondral bone formation

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bone that forms from membrane-like layers of primitive connective tissue;

intramembranous formation

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the process by which bones form in the body by replacing pre-existing connective tissue with bone

ossification

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a dense, white fibrous covering surrounding the surface of the bone

periosteum

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the shaft or long, main part of the long bone

diaphysis

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the expanded ends of the long bone

epiphysis

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is the space or hollow chamber within the diaphysis.

medullary cavity

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is blood cell forming tissue located within the spaces or the spongy bone of the long bones

red marrow

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is the fat storing tissue found within the medullary cavities of long bones

yellow marrow

is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis in order to reduce friction

articular cartilage

is a thin layer of squamous cells which line the medullary cavity

endosteum

blood vessels and nerves perforate the concentric rings through lateral canals called

Volkmann's or perforating canals

blood vessels and nerves run the length of the bone and are contained in

osteon or Haversian canals

composed of irregular networks of thin plates of bone with many intercellular spaces called

trabeculae

bones that are longer than they are wide, have distinct diaphysis

long bones

what is examples of long bones

humerus, femur, tibia, metatarsals

cube-shaped, nearly equal in length and width

short bones

what is examples of short bones

some of the carpals and tarsals

generally thin and flat, provide protection for underlying organs, provide surface area for attaching muscle

flat bones

what is examples of flat bones

cranial bones, sternum, scapula

various shaped bones which cannot be classified into any of the three groups

irregular bones

what is examples of irregular bones

facial bones, vertebrae

an opening or hole through a bone which serves as a passageway for nerves and blood vessels

foramen

a tube-like passage within a bone

meatus

a space within a bone lined with a mucus membrane to reduce the weight of the bone

sinus

a fairly deep pit or depression

fossa

a large rounded prominence which articles with another bone

condyle

an elevated, rounded, (knob-like) usually roughened area on a bone. bigger than a tubercle and used for muscle attachment

tuberosity

a very large, blunt process used for muscle attachment; located on the femur

trochanter

a small round process used for muscle attachment

tubercle

any projection from the surface of the bone used in muscle attachment

process

an immovable joint found only between skull bones

sutures

membrane-filled spaces between cranial bones which are more commonly known as the soft spots of a baby's skull

fontanels

the skull bone encloses and protects the brain

cranium

the lower jaw bone; the only movable bone in the skull

mandible

the upper jaw bone

maxilla

the cheek bones

zygomatic bones

forms the forehead (anterior part of cranium)

frontal bone

form the greater portion of the sides and root of the cranial cavity

parietal

forms the posterior part and the prominent portion of the base of the cranium

occipital

bone situated in the middle part of the base of the skull. forms the sides of the skull and part of the orbit

sphenoid

a light, spongy bone located in the anterior part of the floor of the cranium between the orbits

ethmoid

u-shaped bone; does NOT articulate with any other bone in the body

Hyoid

form the inferior sides of the cranium and part of the cranial floor

temporal

the bony extension from the temporal bone which are posterior to the ears

mastoid process

vertebrae of the neck

cervical vertebrae

vertebrae to which the ribs attach

thoracic vertebrae

large, weight-bearing vertebrae of the lower back

lumbar vertebrae

fused vertebrae which articulate with the pelvic bones

sacral vertebrae

four vertebrae usually fused into two seperate bones

coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx)

lack a synovial cavity. held together by fibrous connective tissue; permit little or no movement

fibrous joints

what are examples of fibrous joints

sutures in the skull

joints which contain a synovial cavity between the articulating bones; covered with hyaline cartilage

synovial joints

lack a synovial cavity; articulating bones are held tightly together by cartilage

cartilaginous joints

what is an example of cartilaginous joints

pubic symphysis, menisci of the knee, intervertebral disks

a band or cord of dense fibrous connective tissue extending from one bone to another; connects bone to bone

ligaments

a band or cord of dense fibrous connective tissue extending from one bone to a muscle for attachment; connects bone to muscle

tendons

when the nucleus pulposus spills out into the spinal canal and presses on the spinal nerves in that region

herniated disk

is a type of arthritis caused by the destruction of cartilage from the joints. most commonly form of arthritis

osteoarthritis

is a loss of bone mass and bone density which leads to porous bones and making them more susceptible to fracture

osteoporosis

is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine resulting in a S-shaped appearance

Scoliosis

is an abnormal curvature of the thoracic vertebrae resulting in a hunchback appearance

Kyphosis

is an abnormal curvature of the lumbar vertebrae resulting in a "sway-back" appearance

Lordosis

occurs when the posterior part of the vertebrae fails to form properly and does not enclose the spinal cord.

spina bifida

are caused by stress on bones placed upon them by trauma or disease condition

fractures/broken bones

tears of the ligaments which are holding two bones together

sprains

tears of the muscle from force or trauma

strain

what are the three structural classifications of joints

Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints

are held together by fibrous connective tissue

fibrous joints

held together by cartilage

cartilaginous joints

held together by ligaments and have a joint capsule

synovial joints

what three things must a joint have to have a joint capsule

synovial membrane synovial fluid hyaline cartilage

what are the three functional classifications of joints

Synarthrotic joints Amphiarthrotic joints Diarthrotic joints

are the two classification of immovable joints

fibrous joints | synathrotic joints

are the two classification of slightly movable joints

cartilaginous joints | amphiarthrotic joints

are the two classification of freely movable joints

synovial joints | diarthrotic joints

is an exception to the characteristic rules. Is a cartilaginous joint that is immovable

synchondrosis (epiphyseal plate)

is an exception to the characteristic rules. Is a fibrous joint that is slightly movable

syndesmosis

are three type of synarthrotic joints

sutures gomphosis (roots of teeth/alveolar sockets) synchondrosis (epiphyseal plate)

are two types of amphiarthrotic joints

``` symphysis joints (vertebrae and pubic) syndesmosis ```

what are the six types of diarthrotic joints

``` hinge Ball and Socket gliding/sliding pivot saddle elipsoidal ```