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Basic Medical Anatomy > Unit 4: Skeletal System > Flashcards

Unit 4: Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the six functions of the skeletal system

A 
Support
Protection 
Movement facilitation
Mineral Storage
Storage of Energy
Hematopoiesis (Hemopoiesis)
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2
Q

how does the skeletal system provide support

A

a framework for the body

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3
Q

how does the skeletal system provide protection

A

bones protect the brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs, and reproductive organs

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4
Q

how does the skeletal system provide movement facilitation

A

bones serve as levers to convert muscular contraction

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5
Q

how does the skeletal system provide mineral storage

A

bone store calcium and phosphorus in the bone matrix

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6
Q

how does the skeletal system provide storage of energy

A

yellow bone marrow serves as an important reservoir of lipids

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7
Q

how does the skeletal system provide hematopoiesis

A

produces erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

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8
Q

red blood cells

A

erythrocytes

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9
Q

white blood cells

A

leukocytes

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10
Q

thrombocytes

A

platelets

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11
Q

what are the three bone cells

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

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12
Q

are responsible for bone (B)uilding/formation

A

osteoblasts

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13
Q

are mature bone cells-principle cells of bone tissue

A

osteocytes

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14
Q

is located within an osteocyte, transplates to “little lake” fluid containing osteocyte

A

lacunae

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15
Q

connects an osteon to another osteon

A

cannaliculi

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16
Q

are cells that break down bone tissue

A

osteoclasts

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17
Q

is bone formation using cartilage “model” to shape the bone; the cartilage is eventually replaced with compact or spongy bone; has a primary and secondary ossification center

A

endochondral bone formation

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18
Q

bone that forms from membrane-like layers of primitive connective tissue;

A

intramembranous formation

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19
Q

the process by which bones form in the body by replacing pre-existing connective tissue with bone

A

ossification

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20
Q

a dense, white fibrous covering surrounding the surface of the bone

A

periosteum

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21
Q

the shaft or long, main part of the long bone

A

diaphysis

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22
Q

the expanded ends of the long bone

A

epiphysis

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23
Q

is the space or hollow chamber within the diaphysis.

A

medullary cavity

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24
Q

is blood cell forming tissue located within the spaces or the spongy bone of the long bones

A

red marrow

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25
Q

is the fat storing tissue found within the medullary cavities of long bones

A

yellow marrow

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26
Q

is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis in order to reduce friction

A

articular cartilage

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27
Q

is a thin layer of squamous cells which line the medullary cavity

A

endosteum

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28
Q

blood vessels and nerves perforate the concentric rings through lateral canals called

A

Volkmann’s or perforating canals

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29
Q

blood vessels and nerves run the length of the bone and are contained in

A

osteon or Haversian canals

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30
Q

composed of irregular networks of thin plates of bone with many intercellular spaces called

A

trabeculae

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31
Q

bones that are longer than they are wide, have distinct diaphysis

A

long bones

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32
Q

what is examples of long bones

A

humerus, femur, tibia, metatarsals

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33
Q

cube-shaped, nearly equal in length and width

A

short bones

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34
Q

what is examples of short bones

A

some of the carpals and tarsals

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35
Q

generally thin and flat, provide protection for underlying organs, provide surface area for attaching muscle

A

flat bones

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36
Q

what is examples of flat bones

A

cranial bones, sternum, scapula

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37
Q

various shaped bones which cannot be classified into any of the three groups

A

irregular bones

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38
Q

what is examples of irregular bones

A

facial bones, vertebrae

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39
Q

an opening or hole through a bone which serves as a passageway for nerves and blood vessels

A

foramen

40
Q

a tube-like passage within a bone

A

meatus

41
Q

a space within a bone lined with a mucus membrane to reduce the weight of the bone

A

sinus

42
Q

a fairly deep pit or depression

A

fossa

43
Q

a large rounded prominence which articles with another bone

A

condyle

44
Q

an elevated, rounded, (knob-like) usually roughened area on a bone. bigger than a tubercle and used for muscle attachment

A

tuberosity

45
Q

a very large, blunt process used for muscle attachment; located on the femur

A

trochanter

46
Q

a small round process used for muscle attachment

A

tubercle

47
Q

any projection from the surface of the bone used in muscle attachment

A

process

48
Q

an immovable joint found only between skull bones

A

sutures

49
Q

membrane-filled spaces between cranial bones which are more commonly known as the soft spots of a baby’s skull

A

fontanels

50
Q

the skull bone encloses and protects the brain

A

cranium

51
Q

the lower jaw bone; the only movable bone in the skull

A

mandible

52
Q

the upper jaw bone

A

maxilla

53
Q

the cheek bones

A

zygomatic bones

54
Q

forms the forehead (anterior part of cranium)

A

frontal bone

55
Q

form the greater portion of the sides and root of the cranial cavity

A

parietal

56
Q

forms the posterior part and the prominent portion of the base of the cranium

A

occipital

57
Q

bone situated in the middle part of the base of the skull. forms the sides of the skull and part of the orbit

A

sphenoid

58
Q

a light, spongy bone located in the anterior part of the floor of the cranium between the orbits

A

ethmoid

59
Q

u-shaped bone; does NOT articulate with any other bone in the body

A

Hyoid

60
Q

form the inferior sides of the cranium and part of the cranial floor

A

temporal

61
Q

the bony extension from the temporal bone which are posterior to the ears

A

mastoid process

62
Q

vertebrae of the neck

A

cervical vertebrae

63
Q

vertebrae to which the ribs attach

A

thoracic vertebrae

64
Q

large, weight-bearing vertebrae of the lower back

A

lumbar vertebrae

65
Q

fused vertebrae which articulate with the pelvic bones

A

sacral vertebrae

66
Q

four vertebrae usually fused into two seperate bones

A

coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx)

67
Q

lack a synovial cavity. held together by fibrous connective tissue; permit little or no movement

A

fibrous joints

68
Q

what are examples of fibrous joints

A

sutures in the skull

69
Q

joints which contain a synovial cavity between the articulating bones; covered with hyaline cartilage

A

synovial joints

70
Q

lack a synovial cavity; articulating bones are held tightly together by cartilage

A

cartilaginous joints

71
Q

what is an example of cartilaginous joints

A

pubic symphysis, menisci of the knee, intervertebral disks

72
Q

a band or cord of dense fibrous connective tissue extending from one bone to another; connects bone to bone

A

ligaments

73
Q

a band or cord of dense fibrous connective tissue extending from one bone to a muscle for attachment; connects bone to muscle

A

tendons

74
Q

when the nucleus pulposus spills out into the spinal canal and presses on the spinal nerves in that region

A

herniated disk

75
Q

is a type of arthritis caused by the destruction of cartilage from the joints. most commonly form of arthritis

A

osteoarthritis

76
Q

is a loss of bone mass and bone density which leads to porous bones and making them more susceptible to fracture

A

osteoporosis

77
Q

is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine resulting in a S-shaped appearance

A

Scoliosis

78
Q

is an abnormal curvature of the thoracic vertebrae resulting in a hunchback appearance

A

Kyphosis

79
Q

is an abnormal curvature of the lumbar vertebrae resulting in a “sway-back” appearance

A

Lordosis

80
Q

occurs when the posterior part of the vertebrae fails to form properly and does not enclose the spinal cord.

A

spina bifida

81
Q

are caused by stress on bones placed upon them by trauma or disease condition

A

fractures/broken bones

82
Q

tears of the ligaments which are holding two bones together

A

sprains

83
Q

tears of the muscle from force or trauma

A

strain

84
Q

what are the three structural classifications of joints

A

Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints

85
Q

are held together by fibrous connective tissue

A

fibrous joints

86
Q

held together by cartilage

A

cartilaginous joints

87
Q

held together by ligaments and have a joint capsule

A

synovial joints

88
Q

what three things must a joint have to have a joint capsule

A

synovial membrane
synovial fluid
hyaline cartilage

89
Q

what are the three functional classifications of joints

A

Synarthrotic joints
Amphiarthrotic joints
Diarthrotic joints

90
Q

are the two classification of immovable joints

A

fibrous joints

synathrotic joints

91
Q

are the two classification of slightly movable joints

A

cartilaginous joints

amphiarthrotic joints

92
Q

are the two classification of freely movable joints

A

synovial joints

diarthrotic joints

93
Q

is an exception to the characteristic rules. Is a cartilaginous joint that is immovable

A

synchondrosis (epiphyseal plate)

94
Q

is an exception to the characteristic rules. Is a fibrous joint that is slightly movable

A

syndesmosis

95
Q

are three type of synarthrotic joints

A

sutures
gomphosis (roots of teeth/alveolar sockets)
synchondrosis (epiphyseal plate)

96
Q

are two types of amphiarthrotic joints

A 
symphysis joints (vertebrae and pubic)
syndesmosis
97
Q

what are the six types of diarthrotic joints

A 
hinge
Ball and Socket
gliding/sliding
pivot
saddle 
elipsoidal

Basic Medical Anatomy (12 decks)

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