Unit 12: Reproductive System Flashcards
what are the functions of the reproductive system
- production of offspring to continue species
- sexual reproduction which genetics is combined and pass
- produce and secrete hormones involved in the development and maintenance of organs as well as function
the organs in the body which produce the sex cells and hormones
gonads
what are the male gonads
testes
what are the female gonads
ovaries
what are sex cells
gametes
what are male gametes
sperm cells and hormone testosterone
what are female gametes
ovum or egg and hormones estrogens and progesterone
are the male gonads and are egg-shaped structures
testes
dense fibrous capsule which the testes are enclosed in
tunica albuginea
the production of sperm occurs in the
seminiferous tubules
production of the male hormone testosterone occurs in the
interstitial cells
is an almond shaped organ that lies along the posterior border of the testes; site of sperm maturation
epididymis
is a long (18 inches) which connects the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct posterior to the bladder; serves as a passageway for sperm from the epididymis to urethra
Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens)
are two tubular glands located on the posterior surface of the urinary bladder; produce an alkaline fluid rich in fructose to nourish sperm. forms 60% of the fluid or semen
seminal vesicles
lies posterior to the urinary bladder and is formed by the union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and ductus deferens. ejects sperm into the prostatic urethra prior to ejaculation
ejaculatory duct
is a single donut-shaped gland about the size of a chestnut; secretes a fluid rich in citric acid, makes up 30% of the fluid found with sperm
Prostate
is located at the base of the bladder, through the penis and ends at the urinary meatus; serves as a passageway for urine or semen
urethra
are pea-sized glands located inferior to the prostate gland on either side of the urethra; secretes an alkaline substance to neutralize the acidic environment of the urethra, provides lubrication
bulbourethral gland (Cowper’s glands)
is a mixture of sperm and the secretions of the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands.
semen (Seminal Fluid)
is a cutaneous sac of the abdomen consisting of loose skin, skeletal muscle, and superficial fascia; protects the testes. maintains the constant temperature
scrotum
is a cylindrical organ which surrounds the urethra. consists of the body, root, and glans
penis
the two most dorsal and lateral masses of the penis
Corpora Cavernosa
the smaller, mid ventral mass of the penis through which the urethra passes
Corpora Spongiosum
is the portion of the penis attached to the pelvic area
root
is made up of a slightly enlarged distal end of the corpus spongiosum.
root
what is the function of the penis
conducts urine to the exterior and is the portion of the male anatomy used to introduce sperm into the female vagina during intercourse
the production of sperm is called
spermatogenesis
are a pair of female gonads about the size and shape of almonds
ovaries
contains oocyte (mature ova)
ovarian follicles
ovarian follicle is a large, fluid-filled follicle which contains an immature ovum and its surrounding tissue. secretes female hormones called estrogens
Vesicular (Graafian) Follicle
is the yellow, glandular body which develops from the vesicular ovarian follicle after the release of a secondary oocyte; secretes progesterone
Corpus Luteum
white, fibrous, connective tissue remnant of a degenerated corpus luteum
Corpus albicans
what is the function of the ovaries
corpus Albicans
help transport ova from the ovaries to the uterus. is also the site of egg fertilization
Uterine (Fallopian) tubes
inverted, pear-shaped, muscular organ located in the pelvic cavity
Uterus
the superior dome-shaped area of the uterus above the opening to the uterine tubes
fundus
the major, tapering, central portion of the uterus.
body
the narrow, thick muscular area that opens into the vagina
cervix
what are the three sections of the uterus
fundus, body, cervix
the outermost layer of the uterus which provides a small amount of protection to the uterus
perimetrium
the middle, smooth muscle layer of the uterus, makes up the majority of the uterus
myometrium
the innermost layer of the uterus
endometrium
is the layer of the endometrium lining the uterine cavity which is shed during menstruation
stratum functionalis
is the permanent, basement layer of the endometrium which functions to generate a new layer of the stratum functionalis following menstruation
stratum basalis
what are the three layers of the uterus
perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
what is the function of the uterus
serves as a site for gestation or pregnancy for the developing embryo/fetus
is a tubular, fibromuscular organ lined with mucous membrane.
vagina
the proximal area in vagina that surrounds the vaginal attachment to the cervix
fornix
transverse, connective tissue folds in the vagina
rugae
the distal end of the vagina that opens into the external environment
vaginal orifice
a thin fold of vascular mucus membrane that forms a border around the vaginal orifice partially closing it
hymen
what is the function of the vagina
functions as passageway from the sperm and menstrual flow, as well as the lower portion of the birth canal. also functions receptacle for the penis during sexual intercourse
is the term used to describe the external genitalia of the female
vulva
is an elevation of adipose tissue covered by skin and course pubic hair
mons pubis
an area of lateral, longitudinal folds extending inferior and posteriorly. contains sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands, covered by pubic hair and is homologous to the male scrotum
Labia majora
the medial longitudinal folds of the vulva.
labia minora
a small, cylindrical mass of nervous and erectile tissue
clitoris
the cleft between the labia minora
vestibule
two elongated masses of erectile tissue located on the sides of the vaginal orifice
bulb of the vestibule
glands on the sides of the vagina orifice that produce a mucoid secretion that supplements lubrication during sexual intercourse
great vestibular glands
modified sudoriferous glands. consists of 15 to 20 lobes separated by adipose tissue
mammary glands
lobules which contain milk secreting glandular cells called
alveolar glands
dark, circular, pigmented area that encircles the nipple
areola
are responsible for producing ova and several hormones
ovaries
is the monthly changes in the ovary associated with the maturation of an ovum
ovarian cycle
is the monthly changes in the endometrium of the uterus
menstrual cycle
produces and releases Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
hypothalamus
what does Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) do
stimulates the pituitary to produce and release Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
stimulates initial development of the ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogens by the follicles
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
stimulates further development of the ovarian follicles, stimulates ovulation, and the production of estrogens, progesterone, and relaxin by the ovarian cells of the corpus luteum
Luteinizing Hormone
maintains blood calcium levels and bone density. increases protein anabolism. body fat distribution associated with females (buttocks and thighs)
estrogens
stimulates milk production, maintains the uterine linings during pregnancy
progesterone
produced by the corpus luteum. most prominent during the final trimester of pregnancy. relaxes the pubic symphysis. helps dilate the uterine cervix to facilitate delivery
relaxin
the formation of four haploid sperm cells in the male testes
Spermatogenesis
the formation of a single haploid egg cell in the female ovaries (the other 3 become polar bodies and disintegrate)
Oogeneis
describes all changes that occur prior to birth.
prenatal development
from implantation to 8 weeks
embryo
from 8 weeks until birth
fetus
is the union of a sperm cell with an oocyte (ovum)
fertilization or conception
a small ball sixteen cells is called
morula
the trophoblast contacts the endometrium about 6 days after fertilization and implants iself into the endometrium
implantation
the chorion will form the
placenta
the amnion will form the
amniotic sac
what differentiates growth of the embryo from fetus
the formation of all major organs and organ systems. by the end of this time, the heart is pumping and brain waves are present
what differentiates growth of the fetus from embryo
ossification of bones occurs. rapid growth of all organs and tissues by mitosis
sort white hairs of a baby while it is in the fetus
lanugo
what are the three stages of labor
- dilation and effacement of the cervix
- birth and delivery
- placental expulsion
contractions start, water breaks, cervix dilates, positive feedback occurs, cervix thins and dilates to 10cm
dilation and effacement of the cervix
the fetus is pushed through the birth canal and to the outside
birth and delivery
contractions push the placenta out of the uterus, the uterus contracts to prevent bleeding
placental expulsion
second only to lung cancer as the leading cause of cancer death among women in the U.S. early detection and effective treatment is expected to reduce the number who die. easily metastasize to other locations because of nearby lymph nodes
breast cancer
a painless lump or swelling in the testicle, a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum, are described as symptoms. most common in men ages in the ages of 20-34 and occurs most between 15-39
testicular cancer
is the second most common form of cancer among men. tests to detect are a DRE and a PSA
prostate cancer
is the presence of the endometrium outside of the uterus. causes seem to be the backflow of menstrual blood.
endometriosis
otherwise known as erectile dysfunction or ED. inability to get or keep an erection firm enough for sexual intercourse.
impotence
is a sexually transmitted disease of the reproductive and urinary systems. prevalent among young people, ages 15 and 25 and with persons with multiple sex partners.
gonorrhea
chronic infectious sexually transmitted disease that begins in the mucous membranes and spread throughout the body by the blood stream. characterized by the presence of small, fluid-filled lesions or chancres on the genitalia.
syphilis
is an infection of the reproductive system caused by the herpes simplex II virus
genital herpes
is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United states. the primary lesion is a painless vesicle on the skin that often goes unnoticed
chlamydia
is an infection of trichomonas- a parasitic protozoon which may cause a vaginal infection resulting in increased foul-smelling vaginal discharge along with itching and burning of the vulva
trichomoniasis
warts appear on the genitalia in warm, moist surfaces such as the urethra of males and on the vulva, vagina and cervix of females.
genital warts
HPV.
human papilloma virus