Unit 12: Reproductive System Flashcards by Mirae Whiting

what are the functions of the reproductive system

production of offspring to continue species
sexual reproduction which genetics is combined and pass
produce and secrete hormones involved in the development and maintenance of organs as well as function

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the organs in the body which produce the sex cells and hormones

gonads

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what are the male gonads

testes

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what are the female gonads

ovaries

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what are sex cells

gametes

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what are male gametes

sperm cells and hormone testosterone

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what are female gametes

ovum or egg and hormones estrogens and progesterone

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are the male gonads and are egg-shaped structures

testes

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dense fibrous capsule which the testes are enclosed in

tunica albuginea

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the production of sperm occurs in the

seminiferous tubules

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production of the male hormone testosterone occurs in the

interstitial cells

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is an almond shaped organ that lies along the posterior border of the testes; site of sperm maturation

epididymis

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is a long (18 inches) which connects the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct posterior to the bladder; serves as a passageway for sperm from the epididymis to urethra

Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens)

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are two tubular glands located on the posterior surface of the urinary bladder; produce an alkaline fluid rich in fructose to nourish sperm. forms 60% of the fluid or semen

seminal vesicles

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lies posterior to the urinary bladder and is formed by the union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and ductus deferens. ejects sperm into the prostatic urethra prior to ejaculation

ejaculatory duct

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is a single donut-shaped gland about the size of a chestnut; secretes a fluid rich in citric acid, makes up 30% of the fluid found with sperm

Prostate

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is located at the base of the bladder, through the penis and ends at the urinary meatus; serves as a passageway for urine or semen

urethra

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are pea-sized glands located inferior to the prostate gland on either side of the urethra; secretes an alkaline substance to neutralize the acidic environment of the urethra, provides lubrication

bulbourethral gland (Cowper’s glands)

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is a mixture of sperm and the secretions of the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands.

semen (Seminal Fluid)

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is a cutaneous sac of the abdomen consisting of loose skin, skeletal muscle, and superficial fascia; protects the testes. maintains the constant temperature

scrotum

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is a cylindrical organ which surrounds the urethra. consists of the body, root, and glans

penis

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the two most dorsal and lateral masses of the penis

Corpora Cavernosa

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the smaller, mid ventral mass of the penis through which the urethra passes

Corpora Spongiosum

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is the portion of the penis attached to the pelvic area

root

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is made up of a slightly enlarged distal end of the corpus spongiosum.

root

what is the function of the penis

conducts urine to the exterior and is the portion of the male anatomy used to introduce sperm into the female vagina during intercourse

the production of sperm is called

spermatogenesis

are a pair of female gonads about the size and shape of almonds

ovaries

contains oocyte (mature ova)

ovarian follicles

ovarian follicle is a large, fluid-filled follicle which contains an immature ovum and its surrounding tissue. secretes female hormones called estrogens

Vesicular (Graafian) Follicle

is the yellow, glandular body which develops from the vesicular ovarian follicle after the release of a secondary oocyte; secretes progesterone

Corpus Luteum

white, fibrous, connective tissue remnant of a degenerated corpus luteum

Corpus albicans

what is the function of the ovaries

corpus Albicans

help transport ova from the ovaries to the uterus. is also the site of egg fertilization

Uterine (Fallopian) tubes

inverted, pear-shaped, muscular organ located in the pelvic cavity

Uterus

the superior dome-shaped area of the uterus above the opening to the uterine tubes

fundus

the major, tapering, central portion of the uterus.

body

the narrow, thick muscular area that opens into the vagina

cervix

what are the three sections of the uterus

fundus, body, cervix

the outermost layer of the uterus which provides a small amount of protection to the uterus

perimetrium

the middle, smooth muscle layer of the uterus, makes up the majority of the uterus

myometrium

the innermost layer of the uterus

endometrium

is the layer of the endometrium lining the uterine cavity which is shed during menstruation

stratum functionalis

is the permanent, basement layer of the endometrium which functions to generate a new layer of the stratum functionalis following menstruation

stratum basalis

what are the three layers of the uterus

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

what is the function of the uterus

serves as a site for gestation or pregnancy for the developing embryo/fetus

is a tubular, fibromuscular organ lined with mucous membrane.

vagina

the proximal area in vagina that surrounds the vaginal attachment to the cervix

fornix

transverse, connective tissue folds in the vagina

rugae

the distal end of the vagina that opens into the external environment

vaginal orifice

a thin fold of vascular mucus membrane that forms a border around the vaginal orifice partially closing it

hymen

what is the function of the vagina

functions as passageway from the sperm and menstrual flow, as well as the lower portion of the birth canal. also functions receptacle for the penis during sexual intercourse

is the term used to describe the external genitalia of the female

vulva

is an elevation of adipose tissue covered by skin and course pubic hair

mons pubis

an area of lateral, longitudinal folds extending inferior and posteriorly. contains sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands, covered by pubic hair and is homologous to the male scrotum

Labia majora

the medial longitudinal folds of the vulva.

labia minora

a small, cylindrical mass of nervous and erectile tissue

clitoris

the cleft between the labia minora

vestibule

two elongated masses of erectile tissue located on the sides of the vaginal orifice

bulb of the vestibule

glands on the sides of the vagina orifice that produce a mucoid secretion that supplements lubrication during sexual intercourse

great vestibular glands

modified sudoriferous glands. consists of 15 to 20 lobes separated by adipose tissue

mammary glands

lobules which contain milk secreting glandular cells called

alveolar glands

dark, circular, pigmented area that encircles the nipple

areola

are responsible for producing ova and several hormones

ovaries

is the monthly changes in the ovary associated with the maturation of an ovum

ovarian cycle

is the monthly changes in the endometrium of the uterus

menstrual cycle

produces and releases Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

hypothalamus

what does Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) do

stimulates the pituitary to produce and release Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

stimulates initial development of the ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogens by the follicles

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

stimulates further development of the ovarian follicles, stimulates ovulation, and the production of estrogens, progesterone, and relaxin by the ovarian cells of the corpus luteum

Luteinizing Hormone

maintains blood calcium levels and bone density. increases protein anabolism. body fat distribution associated with females (buttocks and thighs)

estrogens

stimulates milk production, maintains the uterine linings during pregnancy

progesterone

produced by the corpus luteum. most prominent during the final trimester of pregnancy. relaxes the pubic symphysis. helps dilate the uterine cervix to facilitate delivery

relaxin

the formation of four haploid sperm cells in the male testes

Spermatogenesis

the formation of a single haploid egg cell in the female ovaries (the other 3 become polar bodies and disintegrate)

Oogeneis

describes all changes that occur prior to birth.

prenatal development

from implantation to 8 weeks

embryo

from 8 weeks until birth

fetus

is the union of a sperm cell with an oocyte (ovum)

fertilization or conception

a small ball sixteen cells is called

morula

the trophoblast contacts the endometrium about 6 days after fertilization and implants iself into the endometrium

implantation

the chorion will form the

placenta

the amnion will form the

amniotic sac

what differentiates growth of the embryo from fetus

the formation of all major organs and organ systems. by the end of this time, the heart is pumping and brain waves are present

what differentiates growth of the fetus from embryo

ossification of bones occurs. rapid growth of all organs and tissues by mitosis

sort white hairs of a baby while it is in the fetus

lanugo

what are the three stages of labor

1. dilation and effacement of the cervix 2. birth and delivery 3. placental expulsion

contractions start, water breaks, cervix dilates, positive feedback occurs, cervix thins and dilates to 10cm

dilation and effacement of the cervix

the fetus is pushed through the birth canal and to the outside

birth and delivery

contractions push the placenta out of the uterus, the uterus contracts to prevent bleeding

placental expulsion

second only to lung cancer as the leading cause of cancer death among women in the U.S. early detection and effective treatment is expected to reduce the number who die. easily metastasize to other locations because of nearby lymph nodes

breast cancer

a painless lump or swelling in the testicle, a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum, are described as symptoms. most common in men ages in the ages of 20-34 and occurs most between 15-39

testicular cancer

is the second most common form of cancer among men. tests to detect are a DRE and a PSA

prostate cancer

is the presence of the endometrium outside of the uterus. causes seem to be the backflow of menstrual blood.

endometriosis

otherwise known as erectile dysfunction or ED. inability to get or keep an erection firm enough for sexual intercourse.

impotence

is a sexually transmitted disease of the reproductive and urinary systems. prevalent among young people, ages 15 and 25 and with persons with multiple sex partners.

gonorrhea

chronic infectious sexually transmitted disease that begins in the mucous membranes and spread throughout the body by the blood stream. characterized by the presence of small, fluid-filled lesions or chancres on the genitalia.

syphilis

is an infection of the reproductive system caused by the herpes simplex II virus

genital herpes

is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United states. the primary lesion is a painless vesicle on the skin that often goes unnoticed

chlamydia

is an infection of trichomonas- a parasitic protozoon which may cause a vaginal infection resulting in increased foul-smelling vaginal discharge along with itching and burning of the vulva

trichomoniasis

warts appear on the genitalia in warm, moist surfaces such as the urethra of males and on the vulva, vagina and cervix of females.

genital warts

HPV.

human papilloma virus