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Basic Medical Anatomy > Unit 12: Reproductive System > Flashcards

Unit 12: Reproductive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what are the functions of the reproductive system

A
  1. production of offspring to continue species
  2. sexual reproduction which genetics is combined and pass
  3. produce and secrete hormones involved in the development and maintenance of organs as well as function
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2
Q

the organs in the body which produce the sex cells and hormones

A

gonads

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3
Q

what are the male gonads

A

testes

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4
Q

what are the female gonads

A

ovaries

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5
Q

what are sex cells

A

gametes

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6
Q

what are male gametes

A

sperm cells and hormone testosterone

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7
Q

what are female gametes

A

ovum or egg and hormones estrogens and progesterone

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8
Q

are the male gonads and are egg-shaped structures

A

testes

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9
Q

dense fibrous capsule which the testes are enclosed in

A

tunica albuginea

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10
Q

the production of sperm occurs in the

A

seminiferous tubules

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11
Q

production of the male hormone testosterone occurs in the

A

interstitial cells

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12
Q

is an almond shaped organ that lies along the posterior border of the testes; site of sperm maturation

A

epididymis

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13
Q

is a long (18 inches) which connects the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct posterior to the bladder; serves as a passageway for sperm from the epididymis to urethra

A

Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens)

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14
Q

are two tubular glands located on the posterior surface of the urinary bladder; produce an alkaline fluid rich in fructose to nourish sperm. forms 60% of the fluid or semen

A

seminal vesicles

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15
Q

lies posterior to the urinary bladder and is formed by the union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and ductus deferens. ejects sperm into the prostatic urethra prior to ejaculation

A

ejaculatory duct

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16
Q

is a single donut-shaped gland about the size of a chestnut; secretes a fluid rich in citric acid, makes up 30% of the fluid found with sperm

A

Prostate

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17
Q

is located at the base of the bladder, through the penis and ends at the urinary meatus; serves as a passageway for urine or semen

A

urethra

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18
Q

are pea-sized glands located inferior to the prostate gland on either side of the urethra; secretes an alkaline substance to neutralize the acidic environment of the urethra, provides lubrication

A

bulbourethral gland (Cowper’s glands)

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19
Q

is a mixture of sperm and the secretions of the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands.

A

semen (Seminal Fluid)

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20
Q

is a cutaneous sac of the abdomen consisting of loose skin, skeletal muscle, and superficial fascia; protects the testes. maintains the constant temperature

A

scrotum

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21
Q

is a cylindrical organ which surrounds the urethra. consists of the body, root, and glans

A

penis

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22
Q

the two most dorsal and lateral masses of the penis

A

Corpora Cavernosa

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23
Q

the smaller, mid ventral mass of the penis through which the urethra passes

A

Corpora Spongiosum

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24
Q

is the portion of the penis attached to the pelvic area

A

root

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25
Q

is made up of a slightly enlarged distal end of the corpus spongiosum.

A

root

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26
Q

what is the function of the penis

A

conducts urine to the exterior and is the portion of the male anatomy used to introduce sperm into the female vagina during intercourse

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27
Q

the production of sperm is called

A

spermatogenesis

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28
Q

are a pair of female gonads about the size and shape of almonds

A

ovaries

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29
Q

contains oocyte (mature ova)

A

ovarian follicles

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30
Q

ovarian follicle is a large, fluid-filled follicle which contains an immature ovum and its surrounding tissue. secretes female hormones called estrogens

A

Vesicular (Graafian) Follicle

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31
Q

is the yellow, glandular body which develops from the vesicular ovarian follicle after the release of a secondary oocyte; secretes progesterone

A

Corpus Luteum

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32
Q

white, fibrous, connective tissue remnant of a degenerated corpus luteum

A

Corpus albicans

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33
Q

what is the function of the ovaries

A

corpus Albicans

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34
Q

help transport ova from the ovaries to the uterus. is also the site of egg fertilization

A

Uterine (Fallopian) tubes

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35
Q

inverted, pear-shaped, muscular organ located in the pelvic cavity

A

Uterus

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36
Q

the superior dome-shaped area of the uterus above the opening to the uterine tubes

A

fundus

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37
Q

the major, tapering, central portion of the uterus.

A

body

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38
Q

the narrow, thick muscular area that opens into the vagina

A

cervix

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39
Q

what are the three sections of the uterus

A

fundus, body, cervix

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40
Q

the outermost layer of the uterus which provides a small amount of protection to the uterus

A

perimetrium

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41
Q

the middle, smooth muscle layer of the uterus, makes up the majority of the uterus

A

myometrium

42
Q

the innermost layer of the uterus

A

endometrium

43
Q

is the layer of the endometrium lining the uterine cavity which is shed during menstruation

A

stratum functionalis

44
Q

is the permanent, basement layer of the endometrium which functions to generate a new layer of the stratum functionalis following menstruation

A

stratum basalis

45
Q

what are the three layers of the uterus

A

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

46
Q

what is the function of the uterus

A

serves as a site for gestation or pregnancy for the developing embryo/fetus

47
Q

is a tubular, fibromuscular organ lined with mucous membrane.

A

vagina

48
Q

the proximal area in vagina that surrounds the vaginal attachment to the cervix

A

fornix

49
Q

transverse, connective tissue folds in the vagina

A

rugae

50
Q

the distal end of the vagina that opens into the external environment

A

vaginal orifice

51
Q

a thin fold of vascular mucus membrane that forms a border around the vaginal orifice partially closing it

A

hymen

52
Q

what is the function of the vagina

A

functions as passageway from the sperm and menstrual flow, as well as the lower portion of the birth canal. also functions receptacle for the penis during sexual intercourse

53
Q

is the term used to describe the external genitalia of the female

A

vulva

54
Q

is an elevation of adipose tissue covered by skin and course pubic hair

A

mons pubis

55
Q

an area of lateral, longitudinal folds extending inferior and posteriorly. contains sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands, covered by pubic hair and is homologous to the male scrotum

A

Labia majora

56
Q

the medial longitudinal folds of the vulva.

A

labia minora

57
Q

a small, cylindrical mass of nervous and erectile tissue

A

clitoris

58
Q

the cleft between the labia minora

A

vestibule

59
Q

two elongated masses of erectile tissue located on the sides of the vaginal orifice

A

bulb of the vestibule

60
Q

glands on the sides of the vagina orifice that produce a mucoid secretion that supplements lubrication during sexual intercourse

A

great vestibular glands

61
Q

modified sudoriferous glands. consists of 15 to 20 lobes separated by adipose tissue

A

mammary glands

62
Q

lobules which contain milk secreting glandular cells called

A

alveolar glands

63
Q

dark, circular, pigmented area that encircles the nipple

A

areola

64
Q

are responsible for producing ova and several hormones

A

ovaries

65
Q

is the monthly changes in the ovary associated with the maturation of an ovum

A

ovarian cycle

66
Q

is the monthly changes in the endometrium of the uterus

A

menstrual cycle

67
Q

produces and releases Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

A

hypothalamus

68
Q

what does Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) do

A

stimulates the pituitary to produce and release Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

69
Q

stimulates initial development of the ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogens by the follicles

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

70
Q

stimulates further development of the ovarian follicles, stimulates ovulation, and the production of estrogens, progesterone, and relaxin by the ovarian cells of the corpus luteum

A

Luteinizing Hormone

71
Q

maintains blood calcium levels and bone density. increases protein anabolism. body fat distribution associated with females (buttocks and thighs)

A

estrogens

72
Q

stimulates milk production, maintains the uterine linings during pregnancy

A

progesterone

73
Q

produced by the corpus luteum. most prominent during the final trimester of pregnancy. relaxes the pubic symphysis. helps dilate the uterine cervix to facilitate delivery

A

relaxin

74
Q

the formation of four haploid sperm cells in the male testes

A

Spermatogenesis

75
Q

the formation of a single haploid egg cell in the female ovaries (the other 3 become polar bodies and disintegrate)

A

Oogeneis

76
Q

describes all changes that occur prior to birth.

A

prenatal development

77
Q

from implantation to 8 weeks

A

embryo

78
Q

from 8 weeks until birth

A

fetus

79
Q

is the union of a sperm cell with an oocyte (ovum)

A

fertilization or conception

80
Q

a small ball sixteen cells is called

A

morula

81
Q

the trophoblast contacts the endometrium about 6 days after fertilization and implants iself into the endometrium

A

implantation

82
Q

the chorion will form the

A

placenta

83
Q

the amnion will form the

A

amniotic sac

84
Q

what differentiates growth of the embryo from fetus

A

the formation of all major organs and organ systems. by the end of this time, the heart is pumping and brain waves are present

85
Q

what differentiates growth of the fetus from embryo

A

ossification of bones occurs. rapid growth of all organs and tissues by mitosis

86
Q

sort white hairs of a baby while it is in the fetus

A

lanugo

87
Q

what are the three stages of labor

A
  1. dilation and effacement of the cervix
  2. birth and delivery
  3. placental expulsion
88
Q

contractions start, water breaks, cervix dilates, positive feedback occurs, cervix thins and dilates to 10cm

A

dilation and effacement of the cervix

89
Q

the fetus is pushed through the birth canal and to the outside

A

birth and delivery

90
Q

contractions push the placenta out of the uterus, the uterus contracts to prevent bleeding

A

placental expulsion

91
Q

second only to lung cancer as the leading cause of cancer death among women in the U.S. early detection and effective treatment is expected to reduce the number who die. easily metastasize to other locations because of nearby lymph nodes

A

breast cancer

92
Q

a painless lump or swelling in the testicle, a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum, are described as symptoms. most common in men ages in the ages of 20-34 and occurs most between 15-39

A

testicular cancer

93
Q

is the second most common form of cancer among men. tests to detect are a DRE and a PSA

A

prostate cancer

94
Q

is the presence of the endometrium outside of the uterus. causes seem to be the backflow of menstrual blood.

A

endometriosis

95
Q

otherwise known as erectile dysfunction or ED. inability to get or keep an erection firm enough for sexual intercourse.

A

impotence

96
Q

is a sexually transmitted disease of the reproductive and urinary systems. prevalent among young people, ages 15 and 25 and with persons with multiple sex partners.

A

gonorrhea

97
Q

chronic infectious sexually transmitted disease that begins in the mucous membranes and spread throughout the body by the blood stream. characterized by the presence of small, fluid-filled lesions or chancres on the genitalia.

A

syphilis

98
Q

is an infection of the reproductive system caused by the herpes simplex II virus

A

genital herpes

99
Q

is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United states. the primary lesion is a painless vesicle on the skin that often goes unnoticed

A

chlamydia

100
Q

is an infection of trichomonas- a parasitic protozoon which may cause a vaginal infection resulting in increased foul-smelling vaginal discharge along with itching and burning of the vulva

A

trichomoniasis

101
Q

warts appear on the genitalia in warm, moist surfaces such as the urethra of males and on the vulva, vagina and cervix of females.

A

genital warts

102
Q

HPV.

A

human papilloma virus

Basic Medical Anatomy (12 decks)

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