Unit 10: Digestive System Flashcards
the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into a usable form
digestion
the movement of molecules through the mucosal lining and into the blood
absorption
the removal of solid waste
excretion
catabolic reaction which breaks down carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids into their building blocks. requires enzymes to speed up
chemical digestion
the breaking down of the bigger pieces of food to smaller pieces of food
mechanical digestion
is a continuous tube running through through the middle of the body from the mouth to the anus
alimentary canal
includes those organs which provide enzymes, hormones, and fluids to break food, and do NOT have direct contact with food
accessory organs
what are the accessory organs
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
is the fluid secreted by the salivary glands
saliva
is the enzyme which chemically breakdown starch into maltose in the mouth; in saliva
amylase
is the exposed portion of the tooth-found above the gums
crown
is the constricted junction line of the tooth between the crown and the root
neck
contains one to three projections of the tooth which embedded in the sockets of the alveolar processes of the mandible and the maxillae
root
is another name for the gums which surround the tooth
gingiva
is an area of dense fibrous connective tissue attached to the socket walls and the cemental surfaces of the roots of the tooth
periodontal ligament
is the portion of the tooth that protects the teeth from wear and tear. hardest substance in the body
enamel
is calcified connective tissue, (bony part of the tooth) which gives the tooth its basic shape rigidity
dentin
is a large cavity enclosed by the dentin and filled with fleshy material. contains nerve and blood vessels
pulp
opening within the roots of the teeth which allow for the passage of nerves and blood vessels into and out of the pulp cavity
root canal
is swallowing, is the mechanism that moves food from the mouth into esophagus
deglutition
or chewing breaks food down into smaller pieces
mastication
are mixing waves in the stomach which mix food with the gastric secretions
maceration
is a strictly localized contraction of the small intestine to mix food with digestive juice.
segmentation
is the wave-like smooth muscle contraction of the muscularis layer which propel food and wastes along the alimentary canal
peristalsis
is the way the large intestines move food. remains relaxed until it fills up
haustral churning;
J-shaped pouch located inferior to the diaphragm in the left upper quadrant
stomach
is the rounded area of the stomach that acts as a temporary storage for food
fundus
is the large, central portion of the stomach below the fundus
body
is the narrow, inferior region of the stomach
pylorus
are folds of the mucosa which stretch to increase the size of the stomach
rugae
is where the stomach and the esophagus join
cardiac sphincter or the cardiac
is the opening from the pylorus of the stomach into the duodenum
pyloric sphincter
is an enzyme secreted in its inactive form. facilitates the chemical digestion of proteins into dipeptides
pepsin
provides the acidic environment needed for the enzyme action in the stomach
hydrochloric acid
is a thick, sticky substance which helps protect the inner lining of the stomach
mucus
specialized acinar cells produce digestive enzymes which are released through ducts into the duodenum
pancreas
is a greenish-colored fluid which is produced in the liver.
bile
where is bile stored and concentrated
gallbladder
finger-like projections that are located in the small intestine
villi
is the first portion of of the small intestine where the small intestine joints the stomach
duodenum
is the portion of the small intestine immediately after the duodenum
jejunum
is the final portion of the small intestine that joints the large intestine
ileum
portion of small intestine where the majority of chemical digestion occurs
duodenum
portion of the small intestine where most of the absorption of nutrients occurs
jejunum
where the absorption of water, vitamins, and electrolytes occurs.
large intestines
is the beginning of the large intestine and is connected to the small intestine
cecum
connects the small intestine and the large intestine
ileocecal valve
is portion of the large intestine that is found on the right side of the body between the cecum and the transverse colon
ascending colon
is the horizontal portion of the large intestine found inferior to the diaphragm
transverse colon
is the portion of the colon on the left side of the body located between the transverse colon and sigmoid colon
descending colon
is the portion of the colon that turns inward from the end of the descending colon to the rectum
sigmoid colon
is the last eight inches of the colonr. temporary storage of solid wastes before excretion
rectum
the last portion of the rectum that terminates with the anus
anal canal
where the change from the ascending colon to transverse colon occurs
hepatic flexure (think right side of the body and the liver is on the right)
where the change from the transverse colon to the descending colon occurs
splenic flexure (think left side of the body and the spleen is on the left)
is the inflammation of the appendix
appendicitis
is a chronic liver disease characterized by destruction of liver cells followed by scarring
cirrhosis
cancer of the rectum and colon
colorectal cancer
is the presence of stones in the gallbladder, resulting from changes in the bile component
gallstones of cholelithiasis
hepatitis that is caused by the ingestion of contaminated food, milk, or water
hepatitis A
is a highly contagious form of hepatitis that is transmitted by the direct exchange of contaminated blood. needle sharing
hepatitis B
is the presence of body fat, over 20% for men and over 30% for women
obesity
are lesions found in the mucosal membrane in the alimentary canal
ulcers
