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Basic Medical Anatomy > Unit 10: Digestive System > Flashcards

Unit 10: Digestive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into a usable form

A

digestion

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2
Q

the movement of molecules through the mucosal lining and into the blood

A

absorption

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3
Q

the removal of solid waste

A

excretion

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4
Q

catabolic reaction which breaks down carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids into their building blocks. requires enzymes to speed up

A

chemical digestion

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5
Q

the breaking down of the bigger pieces of food to smaller pieces of food

A

mechanical digestion

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6
Q

is a continuous tube running through through the middle of the body from the mouth to the anus

A

alimentary canal

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7
Q

includes those organs which provide enzymes, hormones, and fluids to break food, and do NOT have direct contact with food

A

accessory organs

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8
Q

what are the accessory organs

A

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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9
Q

is the fluid secreted by the salivary glands

A

saliva

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10
Q

is the enzyme which chemically breakdown starch into maltose in the mouth; in saliva

A

amylase

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11
Q

is the exposed portion of the tooth-found above the gums

A

crown

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12
Q

is the constricted junction line of the tooth between the crown and the root

A

neck

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13
Q

contains one to three projections of the tooth which embedded in the sockets of the alveolar processes of the mandible and the maxillae

A

root

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14
Q

is another name for the gums which surround the tooth

A

gingiva

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15
Q

is an area of dense fibrous connective tissue attached to the socket walls and the cemental surfaces of the roots of the tooth

A

periodontal ligament

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16
Q

is the portion of the tooth that protects the teeth from wear and tear. hardest substance in the body

A

enamel

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17
Q

is calcified connective tissue, (bony part of the tooth) which gives the tooth its basic shape rigidity

A

dentin

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18
Q

is a large cavity enclosed by the dentin and filled with fleshy material. contains nerve and blood vessels

A

pulp

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19
Q

opening within the roots of the teeth which allow for the passage of nerves and blood vessels into and out of the pulp cavity

A

root canal

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20
Q

is swallowing, is the mechanism that moves food from the mouth into esophagus

A

deglutition

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21
Q

or chewing breaks food down into smaller pieces

A

mastication

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22
Q

are mixing waves in the stomach which mix food with the gastric secretions

A

maceration

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23
Q

is a strictly localized contraction of the small intestine to mix food with digestive juice.

A

segmentation

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24
Q

is the wave-like smooth muscle contraction of the muscularis layer which propel food and wastes along the alimentary canal

A

peristalsis

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25
Q

is the way the large intestines move food. remains relaxed until it fills up

A

haustral churning;

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26
Q

J-shaped pouch located inferior to the diaphragm in the left upper quadrant

A

stomach

27
Q

is the rounded area of the stomach that acts as a temporary storage for food

A

fundus

28
Q

is the large, central portion of the stomach below the fundus

A

body

29
Q

is the narrow, inferior region of the stomach

A

pylorus

30
Q

are folds of the mucosa which stretch to increase the size of the stomach

A

rugae

31
Q

is where the stomach and the esophagus join

A

cardiac sphincter or the cardiac

32
Q

is the opening from the pylorus of the stomach into the duodenum

A

pyloric sphincter

33
Q

is an enzyme secreted in its inactive form. facilitates the chemical digestion of proteins into dipeptides

A

pepsin

34
Q

provides the acidic environment needed for the enzyme action in the stomach

A

hydrochloric acid

35
Q

is a thick, sticky substance which helps protect the inner lining of the stomach

A

mucus

36
Q

specialized acinar cells produce digestive enzymes which are released through ducts into the duodenum

A

pancreas

37
Q

is a greenish-colored fluid which is produced in the liver.

A

bile

38
Q

where is bile stored and concentrated

A

gallbladder

39
Q

finger-like projections that are located in the small intestine

A

villi

40
Q

is the first portion of of the small intestine where the small intestine joints the stomach

A

duodenum

41
Q

is the portion of the small intestine immediately after the duodenum

A

jejunum

42
Q

is the final portion of the small intestine that joints the large intestine

A

ileum

43
Q

portion of small intestine where the majority of chemical digestion occurs

A

duodenum

44
Q

portion of the small intestine where most of the absorption of nutrients occurs

A

jejunum

45
Q

where the absorption of water, vitamins, and electrolytes occurs.

A

large intestines

46
Q

is the beginning of the large intestine and is connected to the small intestine

A

cecum

47
Q

connects the small intestine and the large intestine

A

ileocecal valve

48
Q

is portion of the large intestine that is found on the right side of the body between the cecum and the transverse colon

A

ascending colon

49
Q

is the horizontal portion of the large intestine found inferior to the diaphragm

A

transverse colon

50
Q

is the portion of the colon on the left side of the body located between the transverse colon and sigmoid colon

A

descending colon

51
Q

is the portion of the colon that turns inward from the end of the descending colon to the rectum

A

sigmoid colon

52
Q

is the last eight inches of the colonr. temporary storage of solid wastes before excretion

A

rectum

53
Q

the last portion of the rectum that terminates with the anus

A

anal canal

54
Q

where the change from the ascending colon to transverse colon occurs

A

hepatic flexure (think right side of the body and the liver is on the right)

55
Q

where the change from the transverse colon to the descending colon occurs

A

splenic flexure (think left side of the body and the spleen is on the left)

56
Q

is the inflammation of the appendix

A

appendicitis

57
Q

is a chronic liver disease characterized by destruction of liver cells followed by scarring

A

cirrhosis

58
Q

cancer of the rectum and colon

A

colorectal cancer

59
Q

is the presence of stones in the gallbladder, resulting from changes in the bile component

A

gallstones of cholelithiasis

60
Q

hepatitis that is caused by the ingestion of contaminated food, milk, or water

A

hepatitis A

61
Q

is a highly contagious form of hepatitis that is transmitted by the direct exchange of contaminated blood. needle sharing

A

hepatitis B

62
Q

is the presence of body fat, over 20% for men and over 30% for women

A

obesity

63
Q

are lesions found in the mucosal membrane in the alimentary canal

A

ulcers

Basic Medical Anatomy (12 decks)

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