Unit 2: Basic Principles of Body Chemistry Flashcards by Mirae Whiting

anything that occupies space and has mass
may be solid, liquid, or gas
composed of elements

matter

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building blocks of matter
cannot be decomposed into simpler substances
is a quantity of matter composed of atoms of the same type

elements

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how many elements are found in the human body?

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what are the four most common elements in the body

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen

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is the smallest unit of matter that can enter into a chemical reaction
elements are made up of these

atoms

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What are the two basic components of atoms

Nucleus

Electron cloud

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What two components are in the nucleus

protons

neutrons

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positively charged particles

contribute to the weight of an atom

protons

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particles that carry no charge (neutral)

contribute to the weight of an atom

neutrons

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determines the atom

proton

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negatively charged particles orbiting (or moving) around the nucleus

electrons

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these two components ALWAYS equal each other

electrons

protons

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has no charge or is electrically neutral

atom

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atoms possessing an electrical charge due to a loss or gain of electrons

ion

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ions in a solution are called

electrolytes

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what are four common electrolytes in the body

sodium (Na+)
potassium (K+)
chloride (CI-)
calcium (CA+2)

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the four elements found abundantly in the body make up what percent of the body

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is a combination of two or more atoms help together by covalent bonds

molecule

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is any substance composed of atoms of two or more different elements that are chemically combined such as water or H20

compounds

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is formed when an atom loses an electron or electrons

cation

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is formed when an atom gains an electron or electrons

anion

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a cation has what charge

positive

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a anion has what charge

negative

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is an attraction between atoms when one atom loses an electron(s) and another atom gains an electron(s)

Ionic bonding

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This bond is formed by the attraction of two oppositely charged ions

Ionic bonding

is the SHARING of electrons by two or more atoms

covalent bonding

is formed by sharing one pair of electrons

single covalent bonding

is formed by sharing two pair of electrons

double covalent bonding

is formed by sharing three pair of electrons

triple covalent bonding

is the strongest type of chemical bond

covalent bonding

is the term used to describe the degree of acidity or alkalinity

pH (pH scale)

(H+) stands for

Hydrogen ions

(OH-) stands for

hydroxyl ions

what is the range of pH

0-14

On the pH scale, the numbers below 7.0 are classified as

acidic (H+)

a solution has a pH of 7.0 is classified as

neutral | In actual Anatomy a pH of 7 would put you in the hospital for acidosis, but for your purposes, 7 is neutral

on the ph scale, the numbers above 7.0 are classifed as

Alkaline (OH-)

the pH of blood ranges from? averages at?

7. 35-7.45 | 7. 40

is the universal solvent. aids in transporting of nutrients and wastes

water

describes a liquid or gas in which some other material has been dissolved

solvent

is the atom, molecule, or compound that has been dissolved in a solvent

solute

is the combination of a solvent and solute

solution

is a transport medium and facilitates the movement of molecules through the body

water

serves as a lubricant reducing friction and holding substances together in many areas of the body absorbs and releases heat very slowly which makes it vital in regulation body temp.

water

needed in the process of digestion or the breaking apart of larger molecules into small ones important in removing waste products from the body

water

generally lacks carbon. | If it has carbon, it does not contain both carbon and H+ atoms

Inorganic compounds

type of compound that ionically bonded

inorganic compounds

what are three examples of inorganic molecules

carbon dioxide oxygen water (COW)

contains both carbon and hydrogen atoms

organic compounds

almost exclusively held together by covalent bonds

organic compounds

what are four examples of organic molecules

carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids

also known as sugar and starches

carbohydrates

have a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen

carbohydrates

formula is (CH2O)

carbohydrates

major energy source for the body | only energy source for brain and nerve cells

carbohydrates

blood sugar is known as

glucose

generally insoluble in water. no 2:1 ratio most common form is triglycerides

Lipid structure

provide most concentrated source of energy second source of energy protects organs

Lipid functions

All proteins contain the atoms

C, H, O, N

the building blocks of protein

amino acids

what bonds amino acids to one another

peptide bonds

forms enzymes which act as catalysts in chemical reaction to speed up rate of reactions functions as antibodies to help the body fight infection act as chemical regulators for Growth and Development

Protein Function

Regulate osmotic pressure of blood and clotting storage molecules (ferritin) transport molecules (hemoglobin) form contractile proteins actin and myosin form neurotransmitters

Protein Function

are commonly known as DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Nucleic acid

composed of nucleotides

nucleic acid

is formed by a sugar (Deoxyribose or ribose), a phosphate, and a nitrogen base

nucleotides

stores the genetic code within structures called chromosomes. found within the nucleus

DNA

assist with protein synthesis

DNA and RNA

responsible for transporting the genetic code from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes where the needed proteins are synthesized by bonding the appropriate amino acids together

RNA function

formed by a double helix of nucleotides

DNA

what are the four nitrogen bases found in DNA

adenine (A) thymine (T) cytosine (C) guanine (G)

What structure pairs with adenine in DNA

Thymine

What structure pairs with cytosine in DNA

Guanine

*A pairs with T; C pairs with G*

FREEBEE

formed by a single helix of nucleotides

RNA

composed of sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base

nucleotide

found in all living organisms

ATP

is a high energy compound that drives most chemical reactions

ATP

is produced by body cells in a process known as cellular respiration EE

ATP

What are the four nitrogen bases of RNA

adenine (A) uracil (U) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)

What structure pairs with adenine in RNA

Uracil

What structure pairs with Cytosine in RNA

Guanine

how is ATP formed

by an adenosine unit (adenine and a five carbon sugar, ribose), and three phosphate groups

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine-Tri-phosphate | Tri-three; three phosphates. Makes sense?

*The reaction for ATP synthesis and destruction is a reversible reaction*

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How does ATP work in energy conversion?

ATP is used and turns into ADP, next another phosphate is added in the process along with energy which gives you ATP again and the process continues