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Basic Medical Anatomy > Unit 2: Basic Principles of Body Chemistry > Flashcards

Unit 2: Basic Principles of Body Chemistry Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

anything that occupies space and has mass
may be solid, liquid, or gas
composed of elements

A

matter

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2
Q

building blocks of matter
cannot be decomposed into simpler substances
is a quantity of matter composed of atoms of the same type

A

elements

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3
Q

how many elements are found in the human body?

A

26

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4
Q

what are the four most common elements in the body

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen

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5
Q

is the smallest unit of matter that can enter into a chemical reaction
elements are made up of these

A

atoms

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6
Q

What are the two basic components of atoms

A

Nucleus

Electron cloud

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7
Q

What two components are in the nucleus

A

protons

neutrons

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8
Q

positively charged particles

contribute to the weight of an atom

A

protons

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9
Q

particles that carry no charge (neutral)

contribute to the weight of an atom

A

neutrons

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10
Q

determines the atom

A

proton

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11
Q

negatively charged particles orbiting (or moving) around the nucleus

A

electrons

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12
Q

these two components ALWAYS equal each other

A

electrons

protons

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13
Q

has no charge or is electrically neutral

A

atom

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14
Q

atoms possessing an electrical charge due to a loss or gain of electrons

A

ion

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15
Q

ions in a solution are called

A

electrolytes

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16
Q

what are four common electrolytes in the body

A

sodium (Na+)
potassium (K+)
chloride (CI-)
calcium (CA+2)

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17
Q

the four elements found abundantly in the body make up what percent of the body

A

96

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18
Q

is a combination of two or more atoms help together by covalent bonds

A

molecule

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19
Q

is any substance composed of atoms of two or more different elements that are chemically combined such as water or H20

A

compounds

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20
Q

is formed when an atom loses an electron or electrons

A

cation

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21
Q

is formed when an atom gains an electron or electrons

A

anion

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22
Q

a cation has what charge

A

positive

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23
Q

a anion has what charge

A

negative

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24
Q

is an attraction between atoms when one atom loses an electron(s) and another atom gains an electron(s)

A

Ionic bonding

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25
Q

This bond is formed by the attraction of two oppositely charged ions

A

Ionic bonding

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26
Q

is the SHARING of electrons by two or more atoms

A

covalent bonding

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27
Q

is formed by sharing one pair of electrons

A

single covalent bonding

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28
Q

is formed by sharing two pair of electrons

A

double covalent bonding

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29
Q

is formed by sharing three pair of electrons

A

triple covalent bonding

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30
Q

is the strongest type of chemical bond

A

covalent bonding

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31
Q

is the term used to describe the degree of acidity or alkalinity

A

pH (pH scale)

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32
Q

(H+) stands for

A

Hydrogen ions

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33
Q

(OH-) stands for

A

hydroxyl ions

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34
Q

what is the range of pH

A

0-14

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35
Q

On the pH scale, the numbers below 7.0 are classified as

A

acidic (H+)

36
Q

a solution has a pH of 7.0 is classified as

A

neutral

In actual Anatomy a pH of 7 would put you in the hospital for acidosis, but for your purposes, 7 is neutral

37
Q

on the ph scale, the numbers above 7.0 are classifed as

A

Alkaline (OH-)

38
Q

the pH of blood ranges from? averages at?

A
  1. 35-7.45

7. 40

39
Q

is the universal solvent. aids in transporting of nutrients and wastes

A

water

40
Q

describes a liquid or gas in which some other material has been dissolved

A

solvent

41
Q

is the atom, molecule, or compound that has been dissolved in a solvent

A

solute

42
Q

is the combination of a solvent and solute

A

solution

43
Q

is a transport medium and facilitates the movement of molecules through the body

A

water

44
Q

serves as a lubricant reducing friction and holding substances together in many areas of the body
absorbs and releases heat very slowly which makes it vital in regulation body temp.

A

water

45
Q

needed in the process of digestion or the breaking apart of larger molecules into small ones
important in removing waste products from the body

A

water

46
Q

generally lacks carbon.

If it has carbon, it does not contain both carbon and H+ atoms

A

Inorganic compounds

47
Q

type of compound that ionically bonded

A

inorganic compounds

48
Q

what are three examples of inorganic molecules

A

carbon dioxide
oxygen
water
(COW)

49
Q

contains both carbon and hydrogen atoms

A

organic compounds

50
Q

almost exclusively held together by covalent bonds

A

organic compounds

51
Q

what are four examples of organic molecules

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

52
Q

also known as sugar and starches

A

carbohydrates

53
Q

have a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen

A

carbohydrates

54
Q

formula is (CH2O)

A

carbohydrates

55
Q

major energy source for the body

only energy source for brain and nerve cells

A

carbohydrates

56
Q

blood sugar is known as

A

glucose

57
Q

generally insoluble in water.
no 2:1 ratio
most common form is triglycerides

A

Lipid structure

58
Q

provide most concentrated source of energy
second source of energy
protects organs

A

Lipid functions

59
Q

All proteins contain the atoms

A

C, H, O, N

60
Q

the building blocks of protein

A

amino acids

61
Q

what bonds amino acids to one another

A

peptide bonds

62
Q

forms enzymes which act as catalysts in chemical reaction to speed up rate of reactions
functions as antibodies to help the body fight infection
act as chemical regulators for Growth and Development

A

Protein Function

63
Q

Regulate osmotic pressure of blood and clotting
storage molecules (ferritin)
transport molecules (hemoglobin)
form contractile proteins actin and myosin
form neurotransmitters

A

Protein Function

64
Q

are commonly known as DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)

A

Nucleic acid

65
Q

composed of nucleotides

A

nucleic acid

66
Q

is formed by a sugar (Deoxyribose or ribose), a phosphate, and a nitrogen base

A

nucleotides

67
Q

stores the genetic code within structures called chromosomes. found within the nucleus

A

DNA

68
Q

assist with protein synthesis

A

DNA and RNA

69
Q

responsible for transporting the genetic code from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes where the needed proteins are synthesized by bonding the appropriate amino acids together

A

RNA function

70
Q

formed by a double helix of nucleotides

A

DNA

71
Q

what are the four nitrogen bases found in DNA

A

adenine (A)
thymine (T)
cytosine (C)
guanine (G)

72
Q

What structure pairs with adenine in DNA

A

Thymine

73
Q

What structure pairs with cytosine in DNA

A

Guanine

74
Q

A pairs with T; C pairs with G

A

FREEBEE

75
Q

formed by a single helix of nucleotides

A

RNA

76
Q

composed of sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base

A

nucleotide

77
Q

found in all living organisms

A

ATP

78
Q

is a high energy compound that drives most chemical reactions

A

ATP

79
Q

is produced by body cells in a process known as cellular respiration EE

A

ATP

80
Q

What are the four nitrogen bases of RNA

A

adenine (A)
uracil (U)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)

81
Q

What structure pairs with adenine in RNA

A

Uracil

82
Q

What structure pairs with Cytosine in RNA

A

Guanine

83
Q

how is ATP formed

A

by an adenosine unit (adenine and a five carbon sugar, ribose), and three phosphate groups

84
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine-Tri-phosphate

Tri-three; three phosphates. Makes sense?

85
Q

The reaction for ATP synthesis and destruction is a reversible reaction

A

FREEBEE

86
Q

How does ATP work in energy conversion?

A

ATP is used and turns into ADP, next another phosphate is added in the process along with energy which gives you ATP again and the process continues

Basic Medical Anatomy (12 decks)

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