Unit 3: Cells, Histology, Integumentary System Flashcards
1
Q
generally the largest structure within the cell
A
nucleus
2
Q
contains the chromosomes
A
nucleus
3
Q
shorter, rod shaped structures of DNA found when the cell is reproduced
A
chromosomes
4
Q
thread-like mass of DNA found when the cell is not reproducing
A
Chromatin
5
Q
contains the nucleolus
A
nucleus
6
Q
is the center of control of the cell which directs all cellular activities and protein synthesis
A
nucleus
7
Q
semi-fluid portion of the cell which is also known as the cytoplasm
A
cytosol
8
Q
What are the 5 functions of the cytosol
A
- site of anaerobic phase of cellular respiration
- site where substances are made for cellular use
- packaging of chemicals for transport to other parts of the body
- facilitates the excretion of waste material
- contains the cellular organelles
9
Q
permanent small organs found within the cytosol.
A
organelles
10
Q
the outer, membrane separating the cell’s internal parts from extra-cellular material and the external environment
A
cell membrane
11
Q
what are the four structures of the cell membrane
A
phospholipid bilayer
proteins
cholesterol
12
Q
are insoluble lipids with a phosphate group attached to them
A
phospholipids
13
Q
has heads that face outward while the tails face inward
A
phospholipid
14
Q
what is significant about a phospholipid
A
has a polar hydrophilic head and a non-polar hydrophobic tail
15
Q
scattered within the phospholipid bilayer
A
proteins
16
Q
act as receptors for hormones
A
proteins
17
Q
a lipid produced by the liver
A
cholesterol
18
Q
what are two functions of cholesterol
A
help to stabilize the cell membrane providing strength and rigidity
prevent the fatty acid chains of the phospholipids from sticking to each other which would collapse the cell membrane
19
Q
What are 6 functions of the cell membrane
A
- outermost limit of the cell
- regulates what enters and exits the cell
- receptors for molecules such as hormones
- contains proteins which allows substances to move through the cell membrane
- contains small proteins which function as enzymes that promote specific chemical reactions
- help I.D. the cell as part of the body
20
Q
ability of the cell to allow certain substances to enter or exit the cell while not permitting others to do the same
A
selectively permeable
21
Q
what are three factors that influence permeability
A
structure of the membrane
size of the molecules
charges of Ions (electrolytes)
22
Q
are too big to pass through the membrane
A
large molecules
23
Q
what can’t pass through the membrane
A
albumin
globulin
fibrinogen
24
Q
ICF stands for
A
inter-cellular fluid
25
is the water found in all living things
inter-cellular fluid
26
what does ICF contain in large amounts
potassium, phosphate, magnesium, and other negatively charged ions
27
how much of a fraction of the body's total water is ICF
2/3
28
is found in the tissues (interstitial fluid), plasma in the circulating blood, lymph, CSF, and other places
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
29
Where is ECF in the body
```
interstitial fluid
CSF
joints
eye
ear
```
30
ECF contains large amounts of what, that is not water
sodium
chloride
bicarbonate ions
31
how much of the body's total water is ECF
1/3
32
what are the five passive transport processes
```
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion
Dialysis
Filtration
```
33
is the movement of water molecules through a selectively permemable membrane from an area of higher to lower water concentration
osmosis
34
is the process of removing particles from a solution by allowing the liquid to pass through a membrane. controlled and influenced by gravity or hydrostatic pressure
Filtration
35
diffusion of small particles, but not larger ones, through a selectively permeable membrane resulting in separation of large and small solutes
Dialysis
36
movement of molecules or ions from a region containing higher concentration of molecules to a region of containing a lower concentration until the molecules are EVENLY distributed
Diffusion
37
is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration using PROTEINS in the cell membrane as carriers of molecules to transport them.
Facilitated Diffusion
38
What are the three Active Transport processes
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Active Transport
39
the movement of molecules from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration. It REQUIRES the USE of ENERGY
Active Transport
40
What percent of the cells energy may be utilized
40%
41
When molecules are too big to enter a cell by diffusion or active transport, they may be transported within a vesicle formed from the cell membrane
Endocytosis
42
cells eating occurs when a portion of the cell membrane pinches off around solid material forming a sac-like structure called a vesicle
Phagocytosis
43
any remaining particles from phagocytosis may be expelled from the cell when a vesicle joins the cell membrane and the contents are moved out of the cell
exocytosis
44
a solution containing the same concentration of dissolved substances and water as the living cell placed in it
Isotonic Solution
45
a solution containing a lower concentration of dissolved substances and a greater concentration of water than found in the cell (Bursts)
Hypotonic Solution
46
A solution containing a higher concentration of dissolved substances and a lower concentration of water than inside the cell (Shrivels)
Hypertonic Solution
47
small dense structure found within the nucleus and is nicknamed the "little nucleus". composed of RNA and proteins
Nucleolus
48
located on the chromosomes
| section of DNA that codes for specific proteins such as eye, hair color, blood type, etc
gene
49
thread-like mass of DNA in the nucleus of cells
chromatin
50
rod-shaped bodies of DNA present when cell is reproducing which contains genes
Chromosomes
51
double helix composed of nucleotides and is found in the nucleus of all cells except for mature RBC's and platelets
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
52
contains genetic code on information needed for life- complete instructions for making all necessary proteins
DNA
53
What are five structures associated with nucleus
```
Nucleolus
Gene
Chromatin
Chromosomes
DNA
```
54
tiny, granular structures composed of a type of RNA called ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Ribosomes
55
sites of protein synthesis by assembling the proper order of the amino acids as directed by a specific section (gene) of the DNA
Ribosomes
56
composed of double membranous, fluid-filled channel which is continuous with the nuclear membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
57
What are the two types of ER
Granular (Rough) Endoplasmic Reticulum
| Agranular (Smooth) Endoplasmic Reticulum
58
has ribosomes attached to the membranous channels
Granular (Rough) ER
59
does not have ribosomes attached to the membranous channel
Agranular (Smooth) ER
60
occurs in the smooth ER
Lipid synthesis
61
occurs in the ribosomes of the rough ER
Protein synthesis
62
processes, sort, packages, and delivers proteins to various parts of the cell (UPS of the cell)
Golgi complex (Golgi Bodies) [Golgi Apparatus]
63
produce energy (ATP) during the aerobic phase of cellular respiration. the POWER house of the cell
mitochondria
64
DIGEST excess worn out organelles, food particles, or engulfed bacteria and viruses. contain enzymes
Lysosomes
65
fluid-filled organelles, store WATER or digest food
vacuole
66
usually found in the cells of the liver and kidneys which function to DETOXIFY molecules such as alcohol and hydrogen peroxide
Peroxisomes (rhymes with Detox)
67
associated with the cell's ability to move, maintain its structure, help in muscle contraction as well as moving organelles throughout the cell
Microfilaments
68
function to maintain a complex internal structure which provide support and shape to the cell.
Microtubules
69
What are structures formed from microtubules
centrioles
cilia
flagella
70
assist with the formation of the spindle fibers which help separate the chromosomes during cell division
Centrioles
71
contain one of two centrioles (which are used during mitosis and meiosis to move chromosomes)
Centrosomes
72
a single whip-like projection modification of the membrane. used for locomotion of the cell. In humans, only sperm cells use this method;
tail
Flagellum
73
move substances along the surface of the cell or moving the cell itself. In humans, cilia are common in the trachea to move mucous and debris
Cilia
74
folds in the surface of the cell membrane
| increase the surface area of the cell membrane which increases the area available for the absorption of nutrients
Microvilli
75
division of BODY (Somatic) cells. increase the number of cells which are needed for growth and repair
Mitosis
76
cell division occurring in the ovaries to form eggs (ova) and in the testes to form sperm.
Meiosis
77
forms 46 chromosomes in this reaction
mitosis
78
forms 23 chromosomes in this reaction
meiosis
79
is the separation of the cytoplasm into two parts. divides the cytosol and cellular organelles
Cytokinesis
80
group of similar cells which function together to perform a specialized activity
tissue
81
covers body surfaces, lines body cavities and ducts, and forms GLANDS
epithelial tissue
82
what are the four functions of epithelial tissue
1. forms outer covering of external body surfaces and some internal organs
2. lines the body cavities and interiors of the resp. and dig. systems, blood vessels, and ducts
3. forms some of the sense organs
4. tissue from which gametes develop
83
is a single layer of cells
simple epithelium
84
what does simple epithelium do
transport processes including diffusion, absorption and filtration
85
has cells found in multiple layers
stratified epithelium
86
what does stratified epithelium do
provide protection
87
has only one layer of cells but some of the cells do not reach the surface of the tissue making it appeared layer when it is not
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
88
What does pseudostratified epithelium do
provides protection by trapping debris and microorganisms in the stick mucous which are swept away by cilia
89
where is simple epithelium found
areas with minimal wear and tear
90
where is stratified epithelium found
in areas with high degree wear and tear such as the mouth and skin
91
where is pseudostratified epithelium found
in the trachea to filter the air we breathe
92
What are the two ways to classify Epithelial tissues
Number of layers
| Cell shapes
93
what are the four shapes of epithelial tissue
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional
94
epithelial tissue that is flat with scale-like shape
Squamous
95
epithelial tissue that is cube-shaped or box-shaped when viewed from the cross-section
cuboidal
96
epithelial tissue that is tall and cylindrical or rectangular
columnar
97
epithelial tissue that is a combination of shapes, though most often cuboidal
transitional
98
found where there is great deal of stretching, such as in the urinary bladder
Transitional
99
protects and supports the body, forms the framework of organs, binds organs together, and stores energy
Connective tissue
100
What are the 5 types of connective tissue
```
Adipose
Cartilage
Dense Fibrous
Vascular
Osseous
```
101
form of loose connective tissue in which the cells are specialized for fat storage
Adipose tissue
102
what are the fat storage cells called
Adipocytes
103
where is adipose tissue located
subcutaneous layer of the skin, and surrounding all body organs and the eyeballs
104
strong tissue and is capable of withstanding tremendous forces. has no blood vessels or nerves
Cartilage
105
tissue that has the slowest healing of all tissues
cartilage
106
what are the three types of cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic Cartilage
107
most abundant, bluish-white substance composed of collagen
Hyaline Cartilage
108
Where is Hyaline cartilage located
```
covering of long bones
articular cartilage
rings of the trachea
external nose
rib cartilage
growth plate of long bones
```
109
contains a fibrous collagen matrix. absorbs the majority of shock within the body
Fibrocartilage
110
where is Fibrocartilage located
menisci of the knees
intervertebral disks
symphysis pubis
111
contains an elastin matrix. provides strength, rigidity, and flexibility while maintaining shape
Elastic Cartilage
112
where is Elastic Cartilage found
larynx and external parts of the ear
113
fibrous connective tissue that is composed of a tightly packed matrix of collagen fibers and fibroplasts
Dense Fibrous tissue
114
what are the two types of Dense Fibrous Tissue
Irregular
| Regular
115
found where multi-directional tensions are encountered
Irregular Arrangement
116
Where is Irregular located
```
fasciae
reticular region of dermis
periosteum
perichondrium
membranous capsules
```
117
fibers are aranged in orderly, parallel fashion
Regular Arrangement
118
Where is Regular located
Tendons
| Ligaments
119
liquid connective tissue
Vascular tissue
120
straw-colored liquid composed mostly of water
plasma
121
what are the formed elements of blood
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes
122
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Erythrocytes
123
involved in phagocytosis, immunity, and allergic reactions
leukocytes
124
function in blood clotting
thrombocytes
125
Bone tissue
osseous Tissue
126
mature bone cells
Osteocytes
127
What are the five functions of Osseus tissue
```
structure of the body
movement
storage of minerals
production of all blood cells
protection
```
128
what are the two classification of bones
```
Compact (Dense) Bone
Spongy Bone (Trabecular Bone)
```
129
contains osteocytes, canaliculi, and provides routes for nourishment and waste product
Compact Bone
130
contains spaces with blood forming tissues
Spongy bone
131
where does hematopoiesis occur
Spongy bone
132
composed of fibers which are highly specialized for the ACTIVE generation of tension
Muscle Tissue
133
what is the function of muscle tissue
convert chemical energy to mechanical energy and plays a major role in heat production within the body
134
What are the three types of Muscle tissue
Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Smooth Muscle
135
striated and voluntary muscle
Skeletal muscle
136
striated and involuntary muscle
Cardiac muscle
137
where are intercalated disks located
Cardiac muscle
138
non-striated and involuntary
Smooth muscle
139
located in the walls of hollow, internal organs such as blood vessels, the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder
Smooth muscle
140
initiates, transmits, and interprets nerve impulses to coordinate body activities
Nervous tissue
141
nerve cells are
neuron
142
what are the three basic parts of a neuron
Dendrites
Cell body
Axon
143
detect incoming stimuli and direct it to the cell body
dendrites
144
contains the organelles
cell body
145
slender structure which conducts nerve impulses
axon
146
cells that protect and support the neurons, site of tumors of the nervous system
Neuroglia
147
secrete their products into DUCTS (tubes) that empty at the epithelial surface or line
Exocrine glands
148
DUCTLESS glands that secrete their products into the extracellular spaces where it diffuses into the blood
Endocrine glands
149
endocrine secretions are called
hormones
150
What are the four types membranes
Mucous
Serous
Synovial
Cutaneous
151
line body cavities that open directly to the EXTERIOR
Mucous Membranes
152
lines body cavities that DO NOT open directly to the exterior
Serous Membranes
153
what are the two layers of Serous
parietal
| visceral
154
layer directly attached to the cavity wall
parietal
155
layer directly attached to the organ(s) found inside closed body cavities
visceral
156
watery fluid secreted by the epithelial layers of serous membranes which allow organs to easily glide past one another
Serous Fluid
157
membranes covering the lungs
Pleura
158
membrane covering the heart
pericardium
159
membranes covering the abdominal regions
peritoneum
160
lines the cavities of freely movable joints
synovial membranes
161
provides some protection for the body against U-V light, microorganisms, and water loss
Cutaneous membrane
162
largest organ of the body
skin
163
What are the six functions of the skin
1. Regulation of Body Temperature
2. Protection
3. Reception of Stimuli
4. Excretion
5. Immunity
6. Synthesis of Vitamin D
164
oil glands
Sebaceous glands
165
sweat glands
sudoriferous glands
166
guards scalp from injury
| eyebrows and eyelashes protect the eyes
hair
167
helps us grasp and manipulate small objects
| provide protection against trauma to the ends of the digits
Nails
168
outermost layer of skin and is avascular
Epidermis
169
what cells are in the epidermis
Keratinocyte
| Melanocyte
170
help waterproof and protect skin as well as forming the nails and hair
Keratinocyte
171
produces the pigment melanin
| helps absorb U-V light and provides skin coloration
Melanocytes
172
is the true skin and is composed of collagen and elastin fibers. contains nerves, blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands
Dermis
173
layer of skin which attaches to underlying organs such as muscle or bone
Subcutaneous or Hypodermis
174
inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of the skin, characterized by comedomes, papules, and pustules
Acne
175
pressure sore or bed sore, it is an ulcer, initially of the skin, due to prolonged pressure against areas of the skin over bony areas for a person who is bed-ridden
Decubitus ulcers (bed sores)
176
uncontrolled cell growth derived from normal tissues, which is able to kill the host cells by spreading from the site of origin to distant sites or invading local tissues in the skin
Skin Cancer
