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Basic Medical Anatomy > Unit 3: Cells, Histology, Integumentary System > Flashcards

Unit 3: Cells, Histology, Integumentary System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

generally the largest structure within the cell

A

nucleus

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2
Q

contains the chromosomes

A

nucleus

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3
Q

shorter, rod shaped structures of DNA found when the cell is reproduced

A

chromosomes

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4
Q

thread-like mass of DNA found when the cell is not reproducing

A

Chromatin

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5
Q

contains the nucleolus

A

nucleus

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6
Q

is the center of control of the cell which directs all cellular activities and protein synthesis

A

nucleus

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7
Q

semi-fluid portion of the cell which is also known as the cytoplasm

A

cytosol

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8
Q

What are the 5 functions of the cytosol

A
  1. site of anaerobic phase of cellular respiration
  2. site where substances are made for cellular use
  3. packaging of chemicals for transport to other parts of the body
  4. facilitates the excretion of waste material
  5. contains the cellular organelles
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9
Q

permanent small organs found within the cytosol.

A

organelles

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10
Q

the outer, membrane separating the cell’s internal parts from extra-cellular material and the external environment

A

cell membrane

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11
Q

what are the four structures of the cell membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer
proteins
cholesterol

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12
Q

are insoluble lipids with a phosphate group attached to them

A

phospholipids

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13
Q

has heads that face outward while the tails face inward

A

phospholipid

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14
Q

what is significant about a phospholipid

A

has a polar hydrophilic head and a non-polar hydrophobic tail

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15
Q

scattered within the phospholipid bilayer

A

proteins

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16
Q

act as receptors for hormones

A

proteins

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17
Q

a lipid produced by the liver

A

cholesterol

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18
Q

what are two functions of cholesterol

A

help to stabilize the cell membrane providing strength and rigidity
prevent the fatty acid chains of the phospholipids from sticking to each other which would collapse the cell membrane

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19
Q

What are 6 functions of the cell membrane

A
  1. outermost limit of the cell
  2. regulates what enters and exits the cell
  3. receptors for molecules such as hormones
  4. contains proteins which allows substances to move through the cell membrane
  5. contains small proteins which function as enzymes that promote specific chemical reactions
  6. help I.D. the cell as part of the body
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20
Q

ability of the cell to allow certain substances to enter or exit the cell while not permitting others to do the same

A

selectively permeable

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21
Q

what are three factors that influence permeability

A

structure of the membrane
size of the molecules
charges of Ions (electrolytes)

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22
Q

are too big to pass through the membrane

A

large molecules

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23
Q

what can’t pass through the membrane

A

albumin
globulin
fibrinogen

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24
Q

ICF stands for

A

inter-cellular fluid

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25
Q

is the water found in all living things

A

inter-cellular fluid

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26
Q

what does ICF contain in large amounts

A

potassium, phosphate, magnesium, and other negatively charged ions

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27
Q

how much of a fraction of the body’s total water is ICF

A

2/3

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28
Q

is found in the tissues (interstitial fluid), plasma in the circulating blood, lymph, CSF, and other places

A

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

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29
Q

Where is ECF in the body

A 
interstitial fluid
CSF
joints
eye
ear
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30
Q

ECF contains large amounts of what, that is not water

A

sodium
chloride
bicarbonate ions

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31
Q

how much of the body’s total water is ECF

A

1/3

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32
Q

what are the five passive transport processes

A 
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion
Dialysis
Filtration
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33
Q

is the movement of water molecules through a selectively permemable membrane from an area of higher to lower water concentration

A

osmosis

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34
Q

is the process of removing particles from a solution by allowing the liquid to pass through a membrane. controlled and influenced by gravity or hydrostatic pressure

A

Filtration

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35
Q

diffusion of small particles, but not larger ones, through a selectively permeable membrane resulting in separation of large and small solutes

A

Dialysis

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36
Q

movement of molecules or ions from a region containing higher concentration of molecules to a region of containing a lower concentration until the molecules are EVENLY distributed

A

Diffusion

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37
Q

is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration using PROTEINS in the cell membrane as carriers of molecules to transport them.

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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38
Q

What are the three Active Transport processes

A

Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Active Transport

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39
Q

the movement of molecules from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration. It REQUIRES the USE of ENERGY

A

Active Transport

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40
Q

What percent of the cells energy may be utilized

A

40%

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41
Q

When molecules are too big to enter a cell by diffusion or active transport, they may be transported within a vesicle formed from the cell membrane

A

Endocytosis

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42
Q

cells eating occurs when a portion of the cell membrane pinches off around solid material forming a sac-like structure called a vesicle

A

Phagocytosis

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43
Q

any remaining particles from phagocytosis may be expelled from the cell when a vesicle joins the cell membrane and the contents are moved out of the cell

A

exocytosis

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44
Q

a solution containing the same concentration of dissolved substances and water as the living cell placed in it

A

Isotonic Solution

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45
Q

a solution containing a lower concentration of dissolved substances and a greater concentration of water than found in the cell (Bursts)

A

Hypotonic Solution

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46
Q

A solution containing a higher concentration of dissolved substances and a lower concentration of water than inside the cell (Shrivels)

A

Hypertonic Solution

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47
Q

small dense structure found within the nucleus and is nicknamed the “little nucleus”. composed of RNA and proteins

A

Nucleolus

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48
Q

located on the chromosomes

section of DNA that codes for specific proteins such as eye, hair color, blood type, etc

A

gene

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49
Q

thread-like mass of DNA in the nucleus of cells

A

chromatin

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50
Q

rod-shaped bodies of DNA present when cell is reproducing which contains genes

A

Chromosomes

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51
Q

double helix composed of nucleotides and is found in the nucleus of all cells except for mature RBC’s and platelets

A

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

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52
Q

contains genetic code on information needed for life- complete instructions for making all necessary proteins

A

DNA

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53
Q

What are five structures associated with nucleus

A 
Nucleolus 
Gene
Chromatin
Chromosomes
DNA
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54
Q

tiny, granular structures composed of a type of RNA called ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

Ribosomes

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55
Q

sites of protein synthesis by assembling the proper order of the amino acids as directed by a specific section (gene) of the DNA

A

Ribosomes

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56
Q

composed of double membranous, fluid-filled channel which is continuous with the nuclear membrane

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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57
Q

What are the two types of ER

A

Granular (Rough) Endoplasmic Reticulum

Agranular (Smooth) Endoplasmic Reticulum

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58
Q

has ribosomes attached to the membranous channels

A

Granular (Rough) ER

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59
Q

does not have ribosomes attached to the membranous channel

A

Agranular (Smooth) ER

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60
Q

occurs in the smooth ER

A

Lipid synthesis

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61
Q

occurs in the ribosomes of the rough ER

A

Protein synthesis

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62
Q

processes, sort, packages, and delivers proteins to various parts of the cell (UPS of the cell)

A

Golgi complex (Golgi Bodies) [Golgi Apparatus]

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63
Q

produce energy (ATP) during the aerobic phase of cellular respiration. the POWER house of the cell

A

mitochondria

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64
Q

DIGEST excess worn out organelles, food particles, or engulfed bacteria and viruses. contain enzymes

A

Lysosomes

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65
Q

fluid-filled organelles, store WATER or digest food

A

vacuole

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66
Q

usually found in the cells of the liver and kidneys which function to DETOXIFY molecules such as alcohol and hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxisomes (rhymes with Detox)

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67
Q

associated with the cell’s ability to move, maintain its structure, help in muscle contraction as well as moving organelles throughout the cell

A

Microfilaments

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68
Q

function to maintain a complex internal structure which provide support and shape to the cell.

A

Microtubules

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69
Q

What are structures formed from microtubules

A

centrioles
cilia
flagella

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70
Q

assist with the formation of the spindle fibers which help separate the chromosomes during cell division

A

Centrioles

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71
Q

contain one of two centrioles (which are used during mitosis and meiosis to move chromosomes)

A

Centrosomes

72
Q

a single whip-like projection modification of the membrane. used for locomotion of the cell. In humans, only sperm cells use this method;
tail

A

Flagellum

73
Q

move substances along the surface of the cell or moving the cell itself. In humans, cilia are common in the trachea to move mucous and debris

A

Cilia

74
Q

folds in the surface of the cell membrane

increase the surface area of the cell membrane which increases the area available for the absorption of nutrients

A

Microvilli

75
Q

division of BODY (Somatic) cells. increase the number of cells which are needed for growth and repair

A

Mitosis

76
Q

cell division occurring in the ovaries to form eggs (ova) and in the testes to form sperm.

A

Meiosis

77
Q

forms 46 chromosomes in this reaction

A

mitosis

78
Q

forms 23 chromosomes in this reaction

A

meiosis

79
Q

is the separation of the cytoplasm into two parts. divides the cytosol and cellular organelles

A

Cytokinesis

80
Q

group of similar cells which function together to perform a specialized activity

A

tissue

81
Q

covers body surfaces, lines body cavities and ducts, and forms GLANDS

A

epithelial tissue

82
Q

what are the four functions of epithelial tissue

A
  1. forms outer covering of external body surfaces and some internal organs
  2. lines the body cavities and interiors of the resp. and dig. systems, blood vessels, and ducts
  3. forms some of the sense organs
  4. tissue from which gametes develop
83
Q

is a single layer of cells

A

simple epithelium

84
Q

what does simple epithelium do

A

transport processes including diffusion, absorption and filtration

85
Q

has cells found in multiple layers

A

stratified epithelium

86
Q

what does stratified epithelium do

A

provide protection

87
Q

has only one layer of cells but some of the cells do not reach the surface of the tissue making it appeared layer when it is not

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

88
Q

What does pseudostratified epithelium do

A

provides protection by trapping debris and microorganisms in the stick mucous which are swept away by cilia

89
Q

where is simple epithelium found

A

areas with minimal wear and tear

90
Q

where is stratified epithelium found

A

in areas with high degree wear and tear such as the mouth and skin

91
Q

where is pseudostratified epithelium found

A

in the trachea to filter the air we breathe

92
Q

What are the two ways to classify Epithelial tissues

A

Number of layers

Cell shapes

93
Q

what are the four shapes of epithelial tissue

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional

94
Q

epithelial tissue that is flat with scale-like shape

A

Squamous

95
Q

epithelial tissue that is cube-shaped or box-shaped when viewed from the cross-section

A

cuboidal

96
Q

epithelial tissue that is tall and cylindrical or rectangular

A

columnar

97
Q

epithelial tissue that is a combination of shapes, though most often cuboidal

A

transitional

98
Q

found where there is great deal of stretching, such as in the urinary bladder

A

Transitional

99
Q

protects and supports the body, forms the framework of organs, binds organs together, and stores energy

A

Connective tissue

100
Q

What are the 5 types of connective tissue

A 
Adipose
Cartilage
Dense Fibrous
Vascular 
Osseous
101
Q

form of loose connective tissue in which the cells are specialized for fat storage

A

Adipose tissue

102
Q

what are the fat storage cells called

A

Adipocytes

103
Q

where is adipose tissue located

A

subcutaneous layer of the skin, and surrounding all body organs and the eyeballs

104
Q

strong tissue and is capable of withstanding tremendous forces. has no blood vessels or nerves

A

Cartilage

105
Q

tissue that has the slowest healing of all tissues

A

cartilage

106
Q

what are the three types of cartilage

A

Hyaline Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic Cartilage

107
Q

most abundant, bluish-white substance composed of collagen

A

Hyaline Cartilage

108
Q

Where is Hyaline cartilage located

A 
covering of long bones
articular cartilage
rings of the trachea
external nose
rib cartilage
growth plate of long bones
109
Q

contains a fibrous collagen matrix. absorbs the majority of shock within the body

A

Fibrocartilage

110
Q

where is Fibrocartilage located

A

menisci of the knees
intervertebral disks
symphysis pubis

111
Q

contains an elastin matrix. provides strength, rigidity, and flexibility while maintaining shape

A

Elastic Cartilage

112
Q

where is Elastic Cartilage found

A

larynx and external parts of the ear

113
Q

fibrous connective tissue that is composed of a tightly packed matrix of collagen fibers and fibroplasts

A

Dense Fibrous tissue

114
Q

what are the two types of Dense Fibrous Tissue

A

Irregular

Regular

115
Q

found where multi-directional tensions are encountered

A

Irregular Arrangement

116
Q

Where is Irregular located

A 
fasciae
reticular region of dermis
periosteum
perichondrium
membranous capsules
117
Q

fibers are aranged in orderly, parallel fashion

A

Regular Arrangement

118
Q

Where is Regular located

A

Tendons

Ligaments

119
Q

liquid connective tissue

A

Vascular tissue

120
Q

straw-colored liquid composed mostly of water

A

plasma

121
Q

what are the formed elements of blood

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes

122
Q

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

Erythrocytes

123
Q

involved in phagocytosis, immunity, and allergic reactions

A

leukocytes

124
Q

function in blood clotting

A

thrombocytes

125
Q

Bone tissue

A

osseous Tissue

126
Q

mature bone cells

A

Osteocytes

127
Q

What are the five functions of Osseus tissue

A 
structure of the body
movement
storage of minerals
production of all blood cells 
protection
128
Q

what are the two classification of bones

A 
Compact (Dense) Bone 
Spongy Bone (Trabecular Bone)
129
Q

contains osteocytes, canaliculi, and provides routes for nourishment and waste product

A

Compact Bone

130
Q

contains spaces with blood forming tissues

A

Spongy bone

131
Q

where does hematopoiesis occur

A

Spongy bone

132
Q

composed of fibers which are highly specialized for the ACTIVE generation of tension

A

Muscle Tissue

133
Q

what is the function of muscle tissue

A

convert chemical energy to mechanical energy and plays a major role in heat production within the body

134
Q

What are the three types of Muscle tissue

A

Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Smooth Muscle

135
Q

striated and voluntary muscle

A

Skeletal muscle

136
Q

striated and involuntary muscle

A

Cardiac muscle

137
Q

where are intercalated disks located

A

Cardiac muscle

138
Q

non-striated and involuntary

A

Smooth muscle

139
Q

located in the walls of hollow, internal organs such as blood vessels, the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder

A

Smooth muscle

140
Q

initiates, transmits, and interprets nerve impulses to coordinate body activities

A

Nervous tissue

141
Q

nerve cells are

A

neuron

142
Q

what are the three basic parts of a neuron

A

Dendrites
Cell body
Axon

143
Q

detect incoming stimuli and direct it to the cell body

A

dendrites

144
Q

contains the organelles

A

cell body

145
Q

slender structure which conducts nerve impulses

A

axon

146
Q

cells that protect and support the neurons, site of tumors of the nervous system

A

Neuroglia

147
Q

secrete their products into DUCTS (tubes) that empty at the epithelial surface or line

A

Exocrine glands

148
Q

DUCTLESS glands that secrete their products into the extracellular spaces where it diffuses into the blood

A

Endocrine glands

149
Q

endocrine secretions are called

A

hormones

150
Q

What are the four types membranes

A

Mucous
Serous
Synovial
Cutaneous

151
Q

line body cavities that open directly to the EXTERIOR

A

Mucous Membranes

152
Q

lines body cavities that DO NOT open directly to the exterior

A

Serous Membranes

153
Q

what are the two layers of Serous

A

parietal

visceral

154
Q

layer directly attached to the cavity wall

A

parietal

155
Q

layer directly attached to the organ(s) found inside closed body cavities

A

visceral

156
Q

watery fluid secreted by the epithelial layers of serous membranes which allow organs to easily glide past one another

A

Serous Fluid

157
Q

membranes covering the lungs

A

Pleura

158
Q

membrane covering the heart

A

pericardium

159
Q

membranes covering the abdominal regions

A

peritoneum

160
Q

lines the cavities of freely movable joints

A

synovial membranes

161
Q

provides some protection for the body against U-V light, microorganisms, and water loss

A

Cutaneous membrane

162
Q

largest organ of the body

A

skin

163
Q

What are the six functions of the skin

A
  1. Regulation of Body Temperature
  2. Protection
  3. Reception of Stimuli
  4. Excretion
  5. Immunity
  6. Synthesis of Vitamin D
164
Q

oil glands

A

Sebaceous glands

165
Q

sweat glands

A

sudoriferous glands

166
Q

guards scalp from injury

eyebrows and eyelashes protect the eyes

A

hair

167
Q

helps us grasp and manipulate small objects

provide protection against trauma to the ends of the digits

A

Nails

168
Q

outermost layer of skin and is avascular

A

Epidermis

169
Q

what cells are in the epidermis

A

Keratinocyte

Melanocyte

170
Q

help waterproof and protect skin as well as forming the nails and hair

A

Keratinocyte

171
Q

produces the pigment melanin

helps absorb U-V light and provides skin coloration

A

Melanocytes

172
Q

is the true skin and is composed of collagen and elastin fibers. contains nerves, blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands

A

Dermis

173
Q

layer of skin which attaches to underlying organs such as muscle or bone

A

Subcutaneous or Hypodermis

174
Q

inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of the skin, characterized by comedomes, papules, and pustules

A

Acne

175
Q

pressure sore or bed sore, it is an ulcer, initially of the skin, due to prolonged pressure against areas of the skin over bony areas for a person who is bed-ridden

A

Decubitus ulcers (bed sores)

176
Q

uncontrolled cell growth derived from normal tissues, which is able to kill the host cells by spreading from the site of origin to distant sites or invading local tissues in the skin

A

Skin Cancer

Basic Medical Anatomy (12 decks)

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