Unit 6: Nervous System / Special Senses Flashcards
1
Q
what are the functions of the nervous system
A
sensory, integration, and motor
2
Q
perceives or senses changes that occur in the body
A
sensory
3
Q
interprets the incoming sensory information to formulate a response
A
integration
4
Q
the ability to initiate a response such body movement or the secretion from a gland
A
motor
5
Q
CNS
A
central nervous system
6
Q
what does the CNS consist of
A
brain and spinal cord
7
Q
what does the PNS consist of
A
the nerves which extend from the brain and spinal cord and all else
8
Q
PNS
A
peripheral nervous system
9
Q
how many pair of spinal nerves are there
A
31 pair
10
Q
how many pairs of cranial nerves are there
A
12 pair
11
Q
ANS
A
(auto)nomic nervous system; it is automatic like the gun
12
Q
what are the two divisions of the ANS
A
sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)
13
Q
nicknamed the fight or flight helps the body to cope with stress or emergency situations. stimulates an increase in heart rate, BG, breathing, etc.
A
sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
14
Q
nicknamed “rest and relaxation” helps the body return to homeostasis. the heart rate decreases, blood flow is reduced to skeletal muscles
A
Parasympathetic nervous system
15
Q
controls the nerves to the skeletal muscles and the skin as well as the face, eyes, ears, and nose
A
somatic nervous system
16
Q
transmit nerve impulses to the brain and spinal cord
A
afferent nerves
17
Q
sensory nerves come from the skin, skeletal muscles, or joints, the are called
A
somatic afferent nerves
18
Q
sensory nerves come from the body organs, they are called
A
visceral afferent nerves
19
Q
transmit nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the organs, muscles, and glands
A
motor or efferent nerves
20
Q
are the basic units of the nervous system.
A
neurons or nerves
21
Q
detect information from the internal and external environment and transmit the information to the brain and spinal cord
A
sensory neurons (afferent neurons)
22
Q
transmit impulses which carry instructions from the brain and spinal cord to tissues, organs, and organ systems
A
motor neurons (efferent neurons)
23
Q
are ONLY located in the CNS. they are located between sensory and motor neurons and are responsible for analysis of sensory input and coordinating the motor outputs
A
interneurons
24
Q
what are the three basic parts of a neuron
A
dendrite, cell body, and axon
25
are short, branching extensions which provide the reception of signals from other neurons. conduct towards the cell body
dendrites
26
contains a large nucleus, cytoplasm. contains the usual cellular organelles with the exception of centrioles which are necessary for mitosis
cell body
27
is responsible for carrying nerve impulses to other neurons, muscles or glands
axon
28
what are the five neuroglial cells
```
astrocytes
microglia
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells
schwann cells
```
29
are the largest and most numerous of all neuroglial cells. located in the CNS. they are star-shaped cells which have numerous projections. located between blood capillaries and neurons.
astrocytes
30
are spider-like phagocytic cells found in the CNS. they perform phagocytosis to dispose of dead brain cells and infection
microglia
31
they are found in the CNS. and are responsible for producing the myelin which insulates the axons. helps increase the speed of the action potential
oligodendrocytes
32
are ciliated cells found in the CNS. ependymal cells line the central canal of the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain. responsible for producing CSF and to circulate it
ependymal cells
33
are found in the PNS. produce myelin that surrounds the axons. helps insuliate the axons and increases the speed of the action potential along the axon
Schwann cells
34
regions of the CNS which contain myelinated axons are referred to as
white matter
35
regions of the CNS which contain mostly nerve cell bodies and unmyelinated axons are referred to as
gray matter
36
covering around the brain and spinal cord
meninges
37
the outer layer, "tough mother" is a double layer membrane. attached to the inner surface of the skull
dura mater
38
the middle layer, "spider mother" has threadlike extensions to span the subarachnoid space, is filled with cerebrospinal fluid
arachnoid
39
most inner layer, "soft mother" clings tightly to the surface of the brain and spinal cord
pia mater
40
rapid, predictable, unconscious, and involuntary responses to stimuli
reflex
41
what are the five components of reflex arcs
```
(sensory) receptor
sensory (afferent) neuron
interneuron
motor (efferent) neuron
effector
```
42
detects the incoming stimulus
(sensory) receptor
43
transmits the action potential to the spinal cord or brain
Sensory (afferent) neuron
44
in the spinal cord or brain which process the information
interneuron
45
takes the action potential away from the spinal cord or brain
motor (efferent) neuron
46
is the response by the muscle, gland, or organ
effector
47
what are the four principle parts of the brain
Cerebrum
cerebellum
brain stem
diencephalon
48
is the largest part of the brain and is divided into paired halves. conscious thought process, memory storage and retrieval, sensation, and complex motor patterns originate here
cerebrum
49
what are the four lobes of the cerebrum (think skull bones)
frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
50
thin outer layer of gray matter on the cerebrum
cerebral cortex
51
a band that connects the two halves of the cerebrum
corpus callosum***
52
a series of ridges or bumps on the cerebrum
gyrus (plural gyri)
53
shallow depressions on the cerebrum
sulcus (plural sulci)
54
deeper grooves on the cerebrum
fissures
55
is a large, cauliflower-like structure found inferior to the occipital lobe of the cerebrum; provides the precise timing for coordination of skeletal muscle activity and controls balance and equilibrium. stores memories of previous movement
cerebellum
56
is a structure of the pons that is responsible for regulating the sleep-wake cycle, attentiveness, and concentration
reticular formation
57
is superior to the brain stem and is surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres. main structures include the thalamus and hypothalamus.
diencephalon
58
is a clear, watery fluid similar to blood plasma. it is continuously formed from the blood by the choroid plexus
cerebrospinal fluid
59
is a cluster of capillaries found in each ventricle of the brain; produces cerebrospinal fluid
choroid plexus
60
is the most inferior portion of the brain. it is responsible for regulating many vital, unconscious processes. it is composed of three sections
brainstem
61
what are the three sections of the brainstem
medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
62
is the most inferior section of the brain stem extending from the spinal cord. regulates heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, coughing, sneezing, and vomiting
medulla oblongata
63
is a rounded bulge superior to the medulla oblongata. serves as relay station for both sensory and motor nerve impulses as well as regulating the rate and depth of breathing
pons
64
serves as a relay station for both sensory and motor nerve impulses and contains reflex centers for hearing, vision, and posture
midbrain
65
composed of gray matter and is divided into two parts
diencephalon
66
what are the two parts of the diencephalon
thalamus and the hypothalamus
67
largest section of diencephalon. serves as a relay station for sensory impulses, except for sense of smell.
thalamus
68
regulates body temperature, water balance and metabolism. it is also important in regulating thirst, hunger, blood pressure, pleasure, and SEX DRIVE :p
hypothalamus
69
what are the four lobes of the brain
frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
70
lobe that is associated with the control of skeletal muscles, concentration, planning, problem solving, writing, and speech
frontal lobe
71
is posterior to the frontal lobe. is responsible for the sensations of temperature, touch, pressure, and pain.
parietal lobe
72
responsible for understanding speech and helping us to use words and express thoughts and feelings
Wernicke's area (located in the parietal lobe)
73
forms the posterior portion of each hemisphere. responsible for vision and combining images with other sensory experiences
occipital
74
communicates with the spinal cord. integrate and analyze information. makes rapid and complex muscular movements possible
cerebellum
75
delicate wispy, white lines throughout the cerebellum are called the
arbor vitae or tree of life
76
is the most common motor neuron disease of muscular atrophy. causes of this disease include autoimmune disorders, disturbances in motor neuron enzyme metabolism
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) OR Lou Gehrig's disease
77
includes progressive changes in the neurons of the brain due to a lack of neurotransmitters in the brain, trauma, and genetics. neurons will degenerate until they can longer carry an impulse.
Alzheimer's disease
78
the covering(s) of the brain and spinal cord (usually pia mater) become inflamed, usually the result of bacterial infection. treatment includes early recognition and antibiotic therapy
Bacterial Meningitis
79
is the most common cause of crippling in children from prenatal or postnatal CNS damage due to fetal anorexia
Cerebral Palsy (CP)
80
is a condition of the brain marked by susceptibility to recurrent seizures that are associated with abnormal discharges in the neurons of the brain.
epilepsy
81
is characterized by loss of myelin from the axons of the peripheral nerves. hard, plaque-like structures replace the destroyed myelin and the affected areas are invaded by inflammatory cells. nerve conduction is affected causing weakness, and un-coordination.
multiple sclerosis
82
is sometimes referred to as the shaking palsy as involuntary tremors are one of the cardinal signs. there is a dopamine (neurotransmitter) deficiency, which prevents brain cells from performing their normal inhibition or stopping nerve impulses within the CNS
Parkinson's disease
83
SPECIAL SENSES
FREEBEE
84
composed of thin skin with eyelashes on the edges
eyelid
85
is a thin, transparent mebrane lining the eyelids and the outer surface of the cornea
conjuctiva
86
consists of the lacrimal gland, sac, and nasolacrimal ducts
lacrimal apparatus
87
produce tears, a dilute salt solution which also contains the enzyme lysozyme.
lacrimal gland
88
six skeletal muscles located on the outside of the eye
extrinsic muscles
89
is the thick, outer layer of the eye, divided into two sections
fibrous tunic
90
what are the two sections of the fibrous tunic
sclera, cornea
91
forms the majority of the fibrous tunic. composed of fibrous connective tissue and is often called the "white of the eye"
sclera
92
is nicknamed the "window of the eye" anterior clear portion which bulges slightly outward and allows light to enter the eye
cornea
93
middle layer of the eye. it contains blood vessels which nourish the eye
vascular tunic
94
is a thin membrane containing the brown pigment (melanin) to absorb light coming from sides of the eye
choroid
95
is the thickest part of the vascular tunic. consists of smooth muscle fibers which are attached to the lens by the suspensory ligaments.
ciliary body
96
is the colored portion of the eye
iris
97
is the crystalline epithelial structure located behind the iris and the pupil. helps to focus light waves on the retina
lens
98
the most inner, nervous layer
nervous tunic
99
is a thin, fragile layer of neurons which form the inner lining of the back of the eye. receives light waves, coverts the information to nerve impulses which are transmitted to the optic nerve
retina
100
are elongated, cylindrical dendrites which are sensitive to low levels of light. black and white vision
rods
101
are cells which have dendrites tapered like cones. these cells require bright light and are sensitive to color
cones
102
is also known as the pinna. is an elastic cartilage structure covered with skin
auricle
103
is also known as the external auditory canal. this tube extends into the temporal bone.
auditory canal
104
hair and wax-producing glands which help protect the middle ear
ceruminous glands
105
is a space which contains the three auditory ossicles
tympanic cavity
106
the eardrum, is a thin membrane found at the end of the auditory tube and is attached to the three auditory ossicles
tympanic membrane
107
is a small tube extending from the tympanic cavity into the pharynx. it helps to equalize pressure between the middle ear and atmosphere
auditory (eustachian) tube
108
are the smallest bones in the body. bones of the ear
auditory ossicles
109
what are the three auditory ossicles
malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and the stapes (stirrup)
110
a series of canals within the temporal bone.
bony labyrinth, labyrinth
111
a watery-fluid, for the transmission of sound waves
perilymph
112
is the chamber found between the cochlea and the semicircular canals. helps to maintain its static equilibrium or balancing the body when the body is not in motion
vestibule
113
are three fluid-filled loops. they help the body maintain dynamic equilibrium
semicircular canals
114
resembles a small shell as its canals are coiled.
cochlea
115
the actual organ of hearing
organ of corti
116
is the normal accommodation power of the eye which occurs as consequence of aging
presbyopia
117
is the ability to see close objects but not distant ones; nearsightedness
myopia
118
is the ability to see distant objects but not near ones; farsightedness
hyperopia
119
is the clouding of the lens resulting from the buildup of proteins and epithelial cells
cataract
120
commonly called pinkeye, is the inflammation of the conjunctiva
conjunctivitis
121
is a loss of hearing related to the impairment of the conduction of sound waves through the external and middle ear. wax build-up.
conductive hearing loss
122
nerve impairment deafness results from damage to the nerves or to the organ of corti
sensorineural deafness
123
is the build-up of excessive aqueous humor in the anterior cavity of the eye. excess pressure against the retina which reduces the amount of blood reaching the retina
glaucoma
124
is the progressive degeneration of the central part of the retina or the macula which is necessary for good vision
macular degeneration
125
infection of the middle ear usually the result of a bacterial infection spread from the mucous membrane of the pharynx through the auditory tube
middle ear infection, otitis media
126
or cross-eyed occurs when the eye cannot coordinate strabismus is caused by paralysis, weakness or other abnormality affecting the external muscle of the eye
strabismus
127
is the ringing or clicking in the ears
tinnitus
128
is dizziness or the sensation of spinning
vertigo
129
what are the six neuroglial cells
```
astrocytes
microglia
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells
schwann cells
satellite cells
```
130
serves as a relay station for both sensory and motor nerve impulses and contains reflex centers for hearing, vision, and posture
midbrain
