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Basic Medical Anatomy > Unit 6: Nervous System / Special Senses > Flashcards

Unit 6: Nervous System / Special Senses Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what are the functions of the nervous system

A

sensory, integration, and motor

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2
Q

perceives or senses changes that occur in the body

A

sensory

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3
Q

interprets the incoming sensory information to formulate a response

A

integration

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4
Q

the ability to initiate a response such body movement or the secretion from a gland

A

motor

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5
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system

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6
Q

what does the CNS consist of

A

brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

what does the PNS consist of

A

the nerves which extend from the brain and spinal cord and all else

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8
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system

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9
Q

how many pair of spinal nerves are there

A

31 pair

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10
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there

A

12 pair

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11
Q

ANS

A

(auto)nomic nervous system; it is automatic like the gun

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12
Q

what are the two divisions of the ANS

A

sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)

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13
Q

nicknamed the fight or flight helps the body to cope with stress or emergency situations. stimulates an increase in heart rate, BG, breathing, etc.

A

sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

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14
Q

nicknamed “rest and relaxation” helps the body return to homeostasis. the heart rate decreases, blood flow is reduced to skeletal muscles

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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15
Q

controls the nerves to the skeletal muscles and the skin as well as the face, eyes, ears, and nose

A

somatic nervous system

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16
Q

transmit nerve impulses to the brain and spinal cord

A

afferent nerves

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17
Q

sensory nerves come from the skin, skeletal muscles, or joints, the are called

A

somatic afferent nerves

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18
Q

sensory nerves come from the body organs, they are called

A

visceral afferent nerves

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19
Q

transmit nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the organs, muscles, and glands

A

motor or efferent nerves

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20
Q

are the basic units of the nervous system.

A

neurons or nerves

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21
Q

detect information from the internal and external environment and transmit the information to the brain and spinal cord

A

sensory neurons (afferent neurons)

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22
Q

transmit impulses which carry instructions from the brain and spinal cord to tissues, organs, and organ systems

A

motor neurons (efferent neurons)

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23
Q

are ONLY located in the CNS. they are located between sensory and motor neurons and are responsible for analysis of sensory input and coordinating the motor outputs

A

interneurons

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24
Q

what are the three basic parts of a neuron

A

dendrite, cell body, and axon

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25
Q

are short, branching extensions which provide the reception of signals from other neurons. conduct towards the cell body

A

dendrites

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26
Q

contains a large nucleus, cytoplasm. contains the usual cellular organelles with the exception of centrioles which are necessary for mitosis

A

cell body

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27
Q

is responsible for carrying nerve impulses to other neurons, muscles or glands

A

axon

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28
Q

what are the five neuroglial cells

A 
astrocytes
microglia
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells
schwann cells
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29
Q

are the largest and most numerous of all neuroglial cells. located in the CNS. they are star-shaped cells which have numerous projections. located between blood capillaries and neurons.

A

astrocytes

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30
Q

are spider-like phagocytic cells found in the CNS. they perform phagocytosis to dispose of dead brain cells and infection

A

microglia

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31
Q

they are found in the CNS. and are responsible for producing the myelin which insulates the axons. helps increase the speed of the action potential

A

oligodendrocytes

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32
Q

are ciliated cells found in the CNS. ependymal cells line the central canal of the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain. responsible for producing CSF and to circulate it

A

ependymal cells

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33
Q

are found in the PNS. produce myelin that surrounds the axons. helps insuliate the axons and increases the speed of the action potential along the axon

A

Schwann cells

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34
Q

regions of the CNS which contain myelinated axons are referred to as

A

white matter

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35
Q

regions of the CNS which contain mostly nerve cell bodies and unmyelinated axons are referred to as

A

gray matter

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36
Q

covering around the brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

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37
Q

the outer layer, “tough mother” is a double layer membrane. attached to the inner surface of the skull

A

dura mater

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38
Q

the middle layer, “spider mother” has threadlike extensions to span the subarachnoid space, is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

A

arachnoid

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39
Q

most inner layer, “soft mother” clings tightly to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

A

pia mater

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40
Q

rapid, predictable, unconscious, and involuntary responses to stimuli

A

reflex

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41
Q

what are the five components of reflex arcs

A 
(sensory) receptor
sensory (afferent) neuron
interneuron
motor (efferent) neuron
effector
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42
Q

detects the incoming stimulus

A

(sensory) receptor

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43
Q

transmits the action potential to the spinal cord or brain

A

Sensory (afferent) neuron

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44
Q

in the spinal cord or brain which process the information

A

interneuron

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45
Q

takes the action potential away from the spinal cord or brain

A

motor (efferent) neuron

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46
Q

is the response by the muscle, gland, or organ

A

effector

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47
Q

what are the four principle parts of the brain

A

Cerebrum
cerebellum
brain stem
diencephalon

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48
Q

is the largest part of the brain and is divided into paired halves. conscious thought process, memory storage and retrieval, sensation, and complex motor patterns originate here

A

cerebrum

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49
Q

what are the four lobes of the cerebrum (think skull bones)

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital

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50
Q

thin outer layer of gray matter on the cerebrum

A

cerebral cortex

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51
Q

a band that connects the two halves of the cerebrum

A

corpus callosum***

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52
Q

a series of ridges or bumps on the cerebrum

A

gyrus (plural gyri)

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53
Q

shallow depressions on the cerebrum

A

sulcus (plural sulci)

54
Q

deeper grooves on the cerebrum

A

fissures

55
Q

is a large, cauliflower-like structure found inferior to the occipital lobe of the cerebrum; provides the precise timing for coordination of skeletal muscle activity and controls balance and equilibrium. stores memories of previous movement

A

cerebellum

56
Q

is a structure of the pons that is responsible for regulating the sleep-wake cycle, attentiveness, and concentration

A

reticular formation

57
Q

is superior to the brain stem and is surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres. main structures include the thalamus and hypothalamus.

A

diencephalon

58
Q

is a clear, watery fluid similar to blood plasma. it is continuously formed from the blood by the choroid plexus

A

cerebrospinal fluid

59
Q

is a cluster of capillaries found in each ventricle of the brain; produces cerebrospinal fluid

A

choroid plexus

60
Q

is the most inferior portion of the brain. it is responsible for regulating many vital, unconscious processes. it is composed of three sections

A

brainstem

61
Q

what are the three sections of the brainstem

A

medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

62
Q

is the most inferior section of the brain stem extending from the spinal cord. regulates heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, coughing, sneezing, and vomiting

A

medulla oblongata

63
Q

is a rounded bulge superior to the medulla oblongata. serves as relay station for both sensory and motor nerve impulses as well as regulating the rate and depth of breathing

A

pons

64
Q

serves as a relay station for both sensory and motor nerve impulses and contains reflex centers for hearing, vision, and posture

A

midbrain

65
Q

composed of gray matter and is divided into two parts

A

diencephalon

66
Q

what are the two parts of the diencephalon

A

thalamus and the hypothalamus

67
Q

largest section of diencephalon. serves as a relay station for sensory impulses, except for sense of smell.

A

thalamus

68
Q

regulates body temperature, water balance and metabolism. it is also important in regulating thirst, hunger, blood pressure, pleasure, and SEX DRIVE :p

A

hypothalamus

69
Q

what are the four lobes of the brain

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital

70
Q

lobe that is associated with the control of skeletal muscles, concentration, planning, problem solving, writing, and speech

A

frontal lobe

71
Q

is posterior to the frontal lobe. is responsible for the sensations of temperature, touch, pressure, and pain.

A

parietal lobe

72
Q

responsible for understanding speech and helping us to use words and express thoughts and feelings

A

Wernicke’s area (located in the parietal lobe)

73
Q

forms the posterior portion of each hemisphere. responsible for vision and combining images with other sensory experiences

A

occipital

74
Q

communicates with the spinal cord. integrate and analyze information. makes rapid and complex muscular movements possible

A

cerebellum

75
Q

delicate wispy, white lines throughout the cerebellum are called the

A

arbor vitae or tree of life

76
Q

is the most common motor neuron disease of muscular atrophy. causes of this disease include autoimmune disorders, disturbances in motor neuron enzyme metabolism

A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) OR Lou Gehrig’s disease

77
Q

includes progressive changes in the neurons of the brain due to a lack of neurotransmitters in the brain, trauma, and genetics. neurons will degenerate until they can longer carry an impulse.

A

Alzheimer’s disease

78
Q

the covering(s) of the brain and spinal cord (usually pia mater) become inflamed, usually the result of bacterial infection. treatment includes early recognition and antibiotic therapy

A

Bacterial Meningitis

79
Q

is the most common cause of crippling in children from prenatal or postnatal CNS damage due to fetal anorexia

A

Cerebral Palsy (CP)

80
Q

is a condition of the brain marked by susceptibility to recurrent seizures that are associated with abnormal discharges in the neurons of the brain.

A

epilepsy

81
Q

is characterized by loss of myelin from the axons of the peripheral nerves. hard, plaque-like structures replace the destroyed myelin and the affected areas are invaded by inflammatory cells. nerve conduction is affected causing weakness, and un-coordination.

A

multiple sclerosis

82
Q

is sometimes referred to as the shaking palsy as involuntary tremors are one of the cardinal signs. there is a dopamine (neurotransmitter) deficiency, which prevents brain cells from performing their normal inhibition or stopping nerve impulses within the CNS

A

Parkinson’s disease

83
Q

SPECIAL SENSES

A

FREEBEE

84
Q

composed of thin skin with eyelashes on the edges

A

eyelid

85
Q

is a thin, transparent mebrane lining the eyelids and the outer surface of the cornea

A

conjuctiva

86
Q

consists of the lacrimal gland, sac, and nasolacrimal ducts

A

lacrimal apparatus

87
Q

produce tears, a dilute salt solution which also contains the enzyme lysozyme.

A

lacrimal gland

88
Q

six skeletal muscles located on the outside of the eye

A

extrinsic muscles

89
Q

is the thick, outer layer of the eye, divided into two sections

A

fibrous tunic

90
Q

what are the two sections of the fibrous tunic

A

sclera, cornea

91
Q

forms the majority of the fibrous tunic. composed of fibrous connective tissue and is often called the “white of the eye”

A

sclera

92
Q

is nicknamed the “window of the eye” anterior clear portion which bulges slightly outward and allows light to enter the eye

A

cornea

93
Q

middle layer of the eye. it contains blood vessels which nourish the eye

A

vascular tunic

94
Q

is a thin membrane containing the brown pigment (melanin) to absorb light coming from sides of the eye

A

choroid

95
Q

is the thickest part of the vascular tunic. consists of smooth muscle fibers which are attached to the lens by the suspensory ligaments.

A

ciliary body

96
Q

is the colored portion of the eye

A

iris

97
Q

is the crystalline epithelial structure located behind the iris and the pupil. helps to focus light waves on the retina

A

lens

98
Q

the most inner, nervous layer

A

nervous tunic

99
Q

is a thin, fragile layer of neurons which form the inner lining of the back of the eye. receives light waves, coverts the information to nerve impulses which are transmitted to the optic nerve

A

retina

100
Q

are elongated, cylindrical dendrites which are sensitive to low levels of light. black and white vision

A

rods

101
Q

are cells which have dendrites tapered like cones. these cells require bright light and are sensitive to color

A

cones

102
Q

is also known as the pinna. is an elastic cartilage structure covered with skin

A

auricle

103
Q

is also known as the external auditory canal. this tube extends into the temporal bone.

A

auditory canal

104
Q

hair and wax-producing glands which help protect the middle ear

A

ceruminous glands

105
Q

is a space which contains the three auditory ossicles

A

tympanic cavity

106
Q

the eardrum, is a thin membrane found at the end of the auditory tube and is attached to the three auditory ossicles

A

tympanic membrane

107
Q

is a small tube extending from the tympanic cavity into the pharynx. it helps to equalize pressure between the middle ear and atmosphere

A

auditory (eustachian) tube

108
Q

are the smallest bones in the body. bones of the ear

A

auditory ossicles

109
Q

what are the three auditory ossicles

A

malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and the stapes (stirrup)

110
Q

a series of canals within the temporal bone.

A

bony labyrinth, labyrinth

111
Q

a watery-fluid, for the transmission of sound waves

A

perilymph

112
Q

is the chamber found between the cochlea and the semicircular canals. helps to maintain its static equilibrium or balancing the body when the body is not in motion

A

vestibule

113
Q

are three fluid-filled loops. they help the body maintain dynamic equilibrium

A

semicircular canals

114
Q

resembles a small shell as its canals are coiled.

A

cochlea

115
Q

the actual organ of hearing

A

organ of corti

116
Q

is the normal accommodation power of the eye which occurs as consequence of aging

A

presbyopia

117
Q

is the ability to see close objects but not distant ones; nearsightedness

A

myopia

118
Q

is the ability to see distant objects but not near ones; farsightedness

A

hyperopia

119
Q

is the clouding of the lens resulting from the buildup of proteins and epithelial cells

A

cataract

120
Q

commonly called pinkeye, is the inflammation of the conjunctiva

A

conjunctivitis

121
Q

is a loss of hearing related to the impairment of the conduction of sound waves through the external and middle ear. wax build-up.

A

conductive hearing loss

122
Q

nerve impairment deafness results from damage to the nerves or to the organ of corti

A

sensorineural deafness

123
Q

is the build-up of excessive aqueous humor in the anterior cavity of the eye. excess pressure against the retina which reduces the amount of blood reaching the retina

A

glaucoma

124
Q

is the progressive degeneration of the central part of the retina or the macula which is necessary for good vision

A

macular degeneration

125
Q

infection of the middle ear usually the result of a bacterial infection spread from the mucous membrane of the pharynx through the auditory tube

A

middle ear infection, otitis media

126
Q

or cross-eyed occurs when the eye cannot coordinate strabismus is caused by paralysis, weakness or other abnormality affecting the external muscle of the eye

A

strabismus

127
Q

is the ringing or clicking in the ears

A

tinnitus

128
Q

is dizziness or the sensation of spinning

A

vertigo

129
Q

what are the six neuroglial cells

A 
astrocytes
microglia
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells
schwann cells 
satellite cells
130
Q

serves as a relay station for both sensory and motor nerve impulses and contains reflex centers for hearing, vision, and posture

A

midbrain

Basic Medical Anatomy (12 decks)

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