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Basic Medical Anatomy > Unit 1: Body Plan and Organization > Flashcards

Unit 1: Body Plan and Organization Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Is the scientific study of STRUCTURES and the relationship of structures to each other (FORM)

A

anatomy

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2
Q

is the scientific study of how body structures and systems function to perform life processes (FUNCTION)

A

Physiology

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3
Q

What are the six levels of Structural Organization from smallest to largest?

A 
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism
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4
Q

includes all elements (atoms) and molecules essential for maintaining life.

A

Chemical level

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5
Q

what are the four most common elements in the body?

A 
Carbon
Hydrogen 
Oxygen
Nitrgoen
(CHON)
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6
Q

groups of similar cells found together performing a specific function.

A

tissue level

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7
Q

what are the four primary tissues?

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

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8
Q

structures composed of two or more different tissues having specific functions and recognizable shapes.

A

Organ level

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9
Q

groups of organs which work together for a common function

A

system level

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10
Q

is a group of organ systems which function together to meet the needs of the individual

A

Organism

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11
Q

is the total of all chemical processes that occur in the body

A

Metabolism

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12
Q

uses energy to SYNTHESIZE or manufacture new cells

A

Anabolism

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13
Q

is the BREAKDOWN of tissues or chemicals to produce energy

A

Catabolism

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14
Q

means towards the back

A

posterior

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15
Q

means to the front

A

anterior

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16
Q

means towards the middle

A

medial

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17
Q

means towards the side

A

lateral

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18
Q

means closest tot he trunk or main party of the body

A

proximal

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19
Q

means away from the trunk or the main party of the body

A

distal

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20
Q

means towards the surface

A

superficial

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21
Q

means away from the surface

A

deep

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22
Q

means upper or above

A

superior

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23
Q

means under or below

A

inferior

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24
Q

moving a body party away from the midline

A

abduction

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25
Q

moving a body part toward the midline

A

adduction

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26
Q

moving a body party in a circular motion

A

circumduction

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27
Q

lowering a body part

A

depression

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28
Q

bending the foot upward by flexing the foot at the ankle

A

dorsiflexion

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29
Q

raising a body part

A

elevation

30
Q

turning the foot so the sole is outward

A

eversion

31
Q

increasing the joint angle to straighten body parts

A

extension

32
Q

decreasing the joint angle to bring two body parts close together

A

flexion

33
Q

excessive extension of body parts at a joint; moving a body part beyond normal anatomical position

A

Hyperextension

34
Q

turning the foot so the sole of the foot is inward

A

inversion

35
Q

bending the foot downward by extending the foot at the angkle

A

Plantar flexion

36
Q

turning the hand with the palm down or turning the foot so the medial margin is lowered

A

pronation (prone)

37
Q

moving a body part forward

A

protraction

38
Q

moving a body part backward

A

retraction

39
Q

turning the hand with the palm upward or turning the foot so the medial margin is raised

A

supination (supine)

40
Q

vertical plane; divides the body or an organ into right and left sections

A

Sagittal Plane

41
Q

vertical plane; divides the body or an organ into EQUAL right and left halves

A

Midsagittal Plane

42
Q

horizontal plane dividing the body or an organ into upper and lower sections

A

Transverse (Horizontal) Plane

43
Q

vertical plane dividing the body or an organ into front and back sections

A

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

44
Q

located on the posterior/dorsal surface of the body and surrounds the brain and spinal cord

A

dorsal cavity

45
Q

the cavity that is formed by the vertebrae of the spine and surrounds spinal cord

A

Spinal (vertebral) cavity

46
Q

the bones of the skull crate this cavity to protect the brain

A

Cranial Cavity

47
Q

What are the two cavities that make up the dorsal cavity

A

Spinal

Cranial

48
Q

located in the anterior surface of the body and contains the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.

A

Ventral Cavity

49
Q

portion of the ventral cavity superior to the diaphragm

A

Thoracic cavity

50
Q

are the spaces surrounding each lung

A

Pleural cavity

51
Q

broad, middle tissue mass of the thoracic cavity dividing the lungs into two cavities

A

Mediastinum

52
Q

What is located in the Mediastinum?

A

aorta, esophagus, trachea, thymus, pericardial, and other great blood vessels

53
Q

is the space in which the heart is located

A

pericardial cavity

54
Q

portion of the ventral cavity inferior to the diaphragm

A

abdominopelvic cavity

55
Q

superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity. extends from the diaphragm to the superior margin of the pelvic girdle

A

Abdominal Cavity

56
Q

surrounded by the pelvic bones

A

pelvic cavity

57
Q

what are the four quadrants?

A

RUQ
RLQ
LUQ
LLQ

58
Q

what is contained in the RUQ

A

liver
right kidney
gallbladder

59
Q

what is contained in the LUQ

A

spleen
stomach
left kidney

60
Q

What is contained in the RLQ

A

cecum
appendix
right ovary

61
Q

what is contained in the LLQ

A

left ovary

62
Q

is the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes that occur internally or externally

A

homeostasis

63
Q

an imbalance in the body’s internal environment. Anything that disrupts homeostasis

A

stress

64
Q

any stress that changes a controlled condition

A

stimulus

65
Q

monitors changes in the controlled condition and sends information (input) to the control center

A

receptor

66
Q

an area in the body that receives information about the status of a controlled condition

A

control center

67
Q

receives information from the control center and produces a response

A

effector

68
Q

the action of the effector

A

response

69
Q

reaction of the body (output0 counteracts the stress (input) in order to restore homeostasis. Reverse the effect of the change

A

negative feedback mechanism

70
Q

what are examples of Negative Feedback mechanisms

A

blood glucose
blood pressure
body temperature
MANY others

71
Q

reaction of the body is stimulated or intesified by the input. the response enhances the stimulus

A

Positive feedback mechanism

72
Q

What are examples of Positive Feedback mechanisms?

A

Breastfeeding
Labor
Blood clotting

Basic Medical Anatomy (12 decks)

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