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PB Biology💜 > Unit 7 Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 7 Vocab Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Immunology

A

How our body fights off pathogens

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2
Q

Pathogen

A

A disease-causing agent

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3
Q

Infection

A

When the pathogen successfully invades the host

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4
Q

Spread of disease

A

AKA transmission: By water/food, air, physical contact, bodily fluids, and insect/animal bites.

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5
Q

Nonspecific defenses

A

The first line of defense. Skin, snot, tears/saliva (enzymes), acidic secretions, salt, wax, symbiotic bacteria (normal flora).

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6
Q

Interferon

A

2nd line of defense. Released by host cells; interfere with viral reproduction in neighboring cells.

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7
Q

Complement system

A

2nd line of defense. Proteins from the white blood cells latch onto pathogens’ cell membranes, punching holes in them.

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8
Q

Inflammatory response

A

2nd line of defense. If it penetrates skin, redness, warmth, and swelling occur.

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9
Q

Histamine

A

The chemical that starts the inflammatory response.

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10
Q

Antigen

A

Inherited protein markers found in cell membranes that are unique to the organisms. This is how WBCs identify intruders. They ignore the body’s own antigens.

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11
Q

Immune response

A

3rd line of defense. Occurs when a pathogen takes hold. Helper T cells recognize the foreign antigens and attack them.

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12
Q

White blood cell- Helper T cell

A

Helper T cells recognize the foreign antigens and engulf them. They then let the other WBCs know: They release interleukins 1 + 2 to chemically attract more WBCs to site of infection.

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13
Q

WBC- Cytotoxic T cell

A

Killers called in by interleukins. They release proteins that punch holes in and kill infected cells.

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14
Q

WBC- B cell

A

Produces anitbodies.

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15
Q

WBC- Phagocyte

A

Engulfs agglutinated antigen/antibody cells. Shows up during inflammatory response.

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16
Q

WBC- Suppressor T cell

A

They stop the release of histamines, decrease the WBCs’ presence in the site of infection, and finish off the process.

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17
Q

Interleukin 1 and 2

A

Released by Helper T cells: Chemically attract WBCs to the site of the infection

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18
Q

Antibody

A

Proteins produced by B cells that are a perfect match fort an antigen. When antigens and antibodies combine, the cell agglutinates.

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19
Q

Agglutination

A

Clots, cell dies.

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20
Q

Allergy

A

An immune response to a non-pathogen. Includes swelling, redness, and temperature increase.

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21
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

When the Helper T cells don’t recognize the body’s own antigens and attack them.

22
Q

Vaccine

A

Weakened or killed pathogens or chemicals produced by microorganisms that is injected into or swallowed by an organism, causing the organism to make the necessary antibodies to fight off the pathogen when they actually get infected with it.

23
Q

Prions

A

A protein fragment that causes disease

24
Q

Cocci

A

Spherical-shaped bacteria

25
Q

Bacilli

A

Hot dog/rod-shaped bacteria

26
Q

Spirilla

A

Spiral-shaped bacteria

27
Q

Staphylo-

A

Cocci/spherical bacteria that come in big clusters, causes staph infections. Faculative anaerobes.

28
Q

Strepto-

A

Cocci bacteria that come in chains. They are obligate aerobes.

29
Q

Diplo-

A

Come in pairs of cocci.

30
Q

Binary fission

A

Asexual reproduction in bacteria. The cell makes a copy of its DNA and splits into two cells. There is no genetic variation, which means that the clones are likely to die off from an antibiotic.

31
Q

Conjugation

A

Sexual reproduction in bacteria. DNA is exchanged: The smaller of the two chromosomes moves to the other bacteria cell. The bacteria form a conjugation bridge to do this and absorb DNA. This creates genetic variation and makes it harder for the antibiotic to kill the bacteria.

32
Q

Pyrogen

A

A substance, typically produced by a bacterium, which produces fever when introduced or released into the blood.

33
Q

Active immunity

A

Immunity that is picked up during life, typically through vaccines or infections.

34
Q

Passive immunity

A

Immunity that is passed down from your mother. Ex. lactation, pregnancy.

35
Q

Chemotrophic

A

Obtains energy through chemosynthesis.

36
Q

Phototrophic

A

Obtains energy through photosynthesis.

37
Q

Toxin

A

Bacterial waste

38
Q

Endospore

A

A bacterial cell that has shrunk and lost water and formed a hard outer layer in order to survive harsh conditions. It’s like hibernation. Some endospores can survive space.

39
Q

Heterotroph

A

Finds its food.

40
Q

Autotroph

A

Makes its own food.

41
Q

Obligate anaerobe

A

Needs to live in an environment without oxygen.

42
Q

Obligate aerobe

A

Needs to live with oxygen.

43
Q

Facultative anaerobe

A

Can live with or without oxygen.

44
Q

Controlling bacteria and avoiding dangerous types

A

Use proper temperature (cooking thoroughly, heating and cooling appropriately), washing hands, cleaning surfaces,, canning food, refrigeration, freezing, preservatives (salt, vinegar, sugar, chemicals), antiseptics (alcohol and bleach), radiation.

45
Q

Helpful roles of bacteria

A

Decomposers, nitrogen fixation, fermentation, genetic engineering, digestion, mining, prevents pathogenic invasion, makes O2, bioremediation, antibiotics.

46
Q

Virus

A

A nucleic acid surrounded by a protein capsule.

47
Q

Viral life cycle- lytic

A

Attachment: The virus attaches to the host cell. Then it injects its own DNA into the cell. Duplication: The viral phages/chromosome duplicates. Release: The host cell wall ruptures, or lyses, releasing new viral particles called phages. These can infect new cells now.

48
Q

Viral life cycle- lysogenic

A

Attachment/injection: virus attaches and injects its DNA into the cell. Incorporation: viral DNA is added to the cell’s DNA. The cell splits. multiplying the viral DNA, during mitosis.

49
Q

Retrovirus

A

A virus containing RNA, which must convert RNA to DNA once inside host cell.

50
Q

Controlling bacteria

A

Use proper temperature (cooking thoroughly, heating and cooling appropriately), washing hands, cleaning surfaces,, canning food, refrigeration, freezing, preservatives (salt, vinegar, sugar, chemicals), antiseptics (alcohol and bleach), radiation.

51
Q

Roles of bacteria

A

Decomposers, nitrogen fixation, fermentation, genetic engineering, digestion, mining, prevents pathogenic invasion, makes O2, bioremediation, antibiotics.

PB Biology💜 (40 decks)

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