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PB Biology💜 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

List the four steps on digestion.

A

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

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2
Q

What is ingestion?

A

The start of digestion (starts in the mouth). Taking food into the mouth.

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3
Q

What is digestion, regarding the step that comes after ingestion?

A

It has two parts: Mechanical digestion, which is breaking down food with teeth and tongue (saliva also helps break stuff down), and chemical digestion in stomach to make the food into smaller molecules.

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4
Q

What is another name for chemical digestion?

A

Enzymatic hydrolysis.

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5
Q

Describe the step of absorption.

A

This occurs mostly in the small intestine, and what happens is the nutrient molecules enter our bloodstream and eventually, our body cells.

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6
Q

How are carbohydrates digested?

A

They are first digested in the mouth thanks to saliva. They are absorbed in the small intestine.

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7
Q

How are lipids digested?

A

They are digested using bile and are absorbed in the small intestine.

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8
Q

How are proteins digested?

A

They are digested by pancreatic enzymes, and they are absorbed in the small intestine.

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9
Q

How are nucleic acids digested?

A

They are digested by pancreatic enzymes, and they are absorbed in the small intestine.

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10
Q

From the mouth to the anus, about how long is a human’s digestive system?

A

20 feet. (Majority=small intestine.)

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11
Q

How does the mouth help the process of digestion?

A
  1. Physical digestion by teeth and tongue

2. Chemical digestion of starches into simpler carbohydrates.

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12
Q

The esophagus is right next to the___. This is significant because?

A

Trachea. This is significant because we don’t want food entering the respiratory system.

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13
Q

What happens when we swallow?

A

The epiglottis moves down to keep food in the esophagus and out of the larynx/respiratory system.

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14
Q

What does the esophageal sphincter muscle do?

A

It releases to let the food or liquid move downwards.

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15
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

The rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscles of the digestive tract to move food through.

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16
Q

What is amylase?

A

An enzyme in saliva that breaks starches (carbs) into maltose. (It helps with digestion.)

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17
Q

What are two issues that can happen regarding the esophagus?

A
  1. Esophageal obstruction, in which something is blocking the esophagus and sometimes requires removal
  2. Esophageal ulcers caused by the regurgitation of stomach acid
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18
Q

How many layers of muscle is the stomach made of?

A

3 layers.

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19
Q

How does the stomach help with digestion? (What two types of digestion does the stomach perform?)

A

It helps with physical digestion by turning food solids into a liquid called “chyme,” and it helps chemically digest proteins.

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20
Q

Why must the stomach be protected from its own stomach acid?

A

The acid could cause the stomach to “digest itself” if it is not protected.

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21
Q

How does the stomach protect itself from stomach acid?

A

Mucus inside the stomach, constantly regenerating lining in stomach.

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22
Q

What two things does the stomach secrete to enable digestion?

A

Stomach acid (also called gastric acid) and pepsin.

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23
Q

The main component in gastric acid is…

A

HCI- hydrochloric acid.

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24
Q

What is pepsin?

A

An enzyme for digesting proteins.

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25
Q

What single-celled organisms are found in our stomach?

A

Bacteria.

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26
Q

If the environment in the stomach changes, what can happen?

A

Bacteria in the stomach can cause an infection, possibly creating ulcers.

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27
Q

What is one common type of bacteria that can cause an infection in the stomach, and what can result from the infection?

A

Heliobacter pylori can cause stomach ulcers. This may be treated with antibiotics. The damaged tissue in the stomach can lead to holes in the lining and weak spots.

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28
Q

If a person were to ingest a large quantity of alcohol, what is one way he or she could be treated?

A

The doctor can insert a tube to pump out the stomach.

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29
Q

Where are the sphincter muscles in the stomach located and what do they do?

A

They are at the beginning and end of the stomach, and they keep the food in or let it out at the right time.

30
Q

How long does food typically stay in the stomach?

A

2-6 hours.

31
Q

How is heartburn caused?

A

By acid reflux. Acid leaves through the top sphincter in the stomach and damages the esophageal lining.

32
Q

Where does the food go after the stomach?

A

The small intestine.

33
Q

What is the very first part of the small intestine called?

A

The duodenum.

34
Q

Which organs help with the digestive process starting at the duodenum? (the organs that assist the small intestine)

A

The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

35
Q

After the small intestine, the leftovers go to the…

A

Large intestine.

36
Q

The small intestine connects to the large intestine at the…

A

Ileum.

37
Q

Waste is stored in the___and leaves through the___

A

Stored in rectum, leaves through anus.

38
Q

What is the main function of the small intestine?

A

It the absorption point for nutrients.

39
Q

What are the projections within the folds of the small intestine?

A

Villi and microvilli. (Villi are projections that contain lots of smaller projections, which are the microvilli.)

40
Q

What is the main function of villi and microvilli?

A

They increase the surface area to allow for the absorption of nutrients.

41
Q

Microvilli contain___.

A

Capillaries.

42
Q

Why do microvilli contain capillaries?

A

They allow nutrients to absorb into the bloodstream using active transport, facilitated diffusion, and simple diffusion. Nutrients are absorbed from microvilli cells to the bloodstream.

43
Q

Microvilli are also a part of this system (other than digestive):

A

The lymph system.

44
Q

What is the function of the lymph system?

A

It deals with osmotic water pressure, especially when there is too much of it. Extra water is absorbed into the lymph system.

45
Q

The first third of the small intestine is the___. The last two-thirds of the small intestine are the___and___.

A

Duodenum (1st 3rd), jenjunum and ileum are last 2/3s.

46
Q

What happens at the duodenum and the ileum?

A

The nutrients are absorbed into the capillaries within the microvilli.

47
Q

After the nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream through capillaries within microvilli, where does the blood go?

A

To the liver, which filters out toxins and makes urea from proteins.

48
Q

What does the gallbladder do?

A

It stores extra bile.

49
Q

What does bile do?

A

It digests lipids. It emulsifies fat, meaning it breaks it down and coats fat droplets for easier absorption or release from the body. It also neutralizes the pH of acid chyme from the stomach.

50
Q

What is one function of the liver that helps protect the small intestine?

A

It releases bile into the small intestine to prevent acid from damaging the lining of the small intestine.

51
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

It produces digestive enzymes, sodium bicarbonate (to neutralize pH), and insulin and glucagon hormones to regulate blood sugar levels. (Overall it helps with digestion.)

52
Q

Bile is made in the___and stored in the___.

A

Liver, gallbladder.

53
Q

A high-fat diet leads to an increased risk of…

A

Gallstones.

54
Q

What are gallstones?

A

Precipitates of extra cholesterol/crystalized bile that can cause pain and blockage.

55
Q

What are some treatments for gallstones?

A

High-frequency sound waves to break them apart, surgery, medicine, gallbladder removal.

56
Q

If the gallbladder is removed, what should the person make sure to do?

A

Stick to a highly restrictive, low fat diet because they will have no stored bile.

57
Q

How is blood glucose regulated?

A

Eating food raises blood sugar, causes release of insulin produced by pancreas. Extra blood sugar stored in liver as glycogen. If blood sugar drops, liver can release glycogen as glucose.

58
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Stored glucose (kept in the liver).

59
Q

What is the function of the hormone insulin?

A

The insulin hormone stimulates glycogen formation, causing extra sugar to be stored in liver.

60
Q

What is the function of the hormone glucagon?

A

The hormone glucagon turns glycogen into glucose when needed to raise blood sugar.

61
Q

What is one issue that can occur with the ileum?

A

Things that are not digestible can often get stuck here before going to the large intestine.

62
Q

What is the appendix?

A

It is a blind sac/tube at junction of small and large intestines. It doesn’t have any defined functions, but it may be a source of symbiotic bacteria that help with digestion.

63
Q

What is one issue that can occur with the appendix?

A

Appendicitis, which is inflammation/infection of the appendix. This requires surgical removal.

64
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

It reabsorbs remaining water from waste and has symbiotic bacteria to extract vitamins like vitamin K.

65
Q

The large intestine is also called the…

A

Colon.

66
Q

What does the anus do?

A

It is the spot at the end of the digestive process that has a sphincter muscle to let us defecate or hold it.

67
Q

What does the rectum do?

A

It stores feces before it leaves the body through the anus.

68
Q

What is feces?

A

The waste made of undigested fiber such as cellulose, bacteria, and water. It leaves through the anus.

69
Q

How does diarrhea occur?

A

When you are sick, your feces often moves too quickly through the large intestine. Not enough water can be absorbed, so the stool is very wet.

70
Q

What are colon polyps?

A

A small clump of cells that forms on the lining of the colon or rectum. They can be cancerous, so doctors look for them and remove them.

PB Biology💜 (40 decks)

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