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PB Biology💜 > Cellular Energy: Cell Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Energy: Cell Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organisms make energy from…

A

Glucose (C6H12O6)

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2
Q

Examples of cellular energy

A

ATP, NAD, FAD

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3
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

They release energy. More energy is released in reactants than products.

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4
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

They consume energy. More energy is stored in the products.

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5
Q

How is ATP recycled?

A

ADP (DP=diphoshphate) gains a phosphate to become ATP (TP=triphosphate). ATP diffuses through cell for energy and breaks back down into ADP.

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6
Q

What is the first step of cell respiration (both aerobic and anaerobic) and where does it occur?

A

Glycolysis; cytosol/cytoplasm.

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7
Q

What is the main difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration?

A

Anaerobic-no oxygen present. Aerobic-glucose is broken down with oxygen.

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8
Q

What does the glucose break into during glycolysis?

A

Glucose becomes two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvate.

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9
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration take place? Aerobic?

A

Anaerobic=cytosol, aerobic=mitochondria.

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10
Q

What type of energy is a by-product of cell respiration?

A

Heat energy.

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11
Q

What is the activation energy required for glycolysis?

A

2 ATP.

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12
Q

How much ATP do the following yield?
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain

A

Glycolysis=2 ATP
Krebs cycle=2 ATP
Electron transport chain=32 ATP

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13
Q

What are the products and reactants associated with combustion and/or cell respiration?

A

Reactant: O2. Products: CO2, light energy, heat energy.

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14
Q

What do these stand for: ATP, ADP, AMP

A

ATP=Adenosine TRIphosphate, ADP=DIphosphate, AMP=MONOphosphate.

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15
Q

How do you get the energy to stick an extra phosphate onto ADP or AMP? (Hint: A bond is broken.)

A

The bond on an O2 (oxygen) molecule is broken, which releases energy.

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16
Q

Cell respiration equation

A

C6H12O6+6 O2 (mitochondria+enzymes—>) 6 CO2+ 6 H2O+ 36 ATP

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17
Q

Summarize glycolysis.

A

10 steps total. Occurs in cytosol, requires 2 ATP to start, glucose is split into 2 pyruvate and 2-4 ATP. Net ATP gain: 0-2.

18
Q

Glucose, which is a…carbon compound, splits into …pyruvate, which is a…carbon compound.

A

Glucose=6 carbon, splits into 2 pyruvate (3 carbon).

19
Q

After becoming pyruvate, what two paths can glycolysis follow for the next step? (Anaerobic respiration)

A

Yeast fermentation, producing alcohol and CO2 or homolactic fermentation, producing lactic acid.

20
Q

Two examples of yeast fermentation:

A

Making bread, making wine.

21
Q

How do you make wine?

A

Grapes are the glucose source. Yeast fungi are the cells that do the fermentation. There is little to no oxygen (anaerobic). Carbon dioxide is released. A maximum of 12% alcohol (yeast waste) is produced, because alcohol kills off the yeast at 12%.

22
Q

How do you make bread?

A

The sugar and flour are the glucose sources. The yeast creates CO2, causing air pockets, making the bread rise. Alcohol is produced and then burned off while baking.

23
Q

Lactic acid/homolactic fermentation in muscles

A

Pyruvate from glycolysis is converted into lactic acid without producing any more ATP. Lactic acid in muscles is removed by diffusing into the blood and then filtering out the blood by the liver. It then turns back into glucose.

24
Q

Uses/examples of lactic acid fermentation in bacteria that are in milk.

A

It denatures milk proteins (low pH), curdling the milk to give it a sour flavor for yogurt, sour cream, and cottage cheese.

25
Q

Homolactic fermentation summary

A

In animals and bacteria, lactic acid in muscles, no CO2 produced.

26
Q

FADH and NADH produce…

A

ATP. (The ¨H¨ means they´re loaded.) They are proton carriers.

27
Q

What are the three major parts of aerobic respiration?

A
  1. Link reaction
  2. Krebs cycle
  3. Electron transport chain
28
Q

Aerobic respiration is the…step. It uses…and occurs in the…

A

2nd, O2, mitochondria.

29
Q

Why are the inner membranes of the mitochondria important for cell respiration?

A

They increase the surface area. Mitochondria is a bunch of folded membrane squeezed into a small space.

30
Q

Formula for aerobic respiration?

A

2 pyruvate+ 6 O2—> 6 CO2+ 6 H2O+ 34 ATP

31
Q

Link reaction summary

A

The pyruvate is broken into two 2-carbon molecules called acetyl CoA by removing the CO2 and H from the pyruvate. NADH is produced. This happens in the mitochondrial matrix.

32
Q

Total production from link reaction

A

2 acetyl coenzyme A, 2 CO2, 2 NADH

33
Q

Krebs cycle

A

Acetyl coenzyme A (2 carbon) combines with a 4 carbon compound (oxaloacetate) to make a 6 carbon compound. By losing one CO2 molecule, this becomes a 5 carbon compound and NAD+ becomes NADH. By losing another CO2 molecule, it becomes a 4 carbon compound and turns another NAD+ into NADH. To turn this 4 carbon compound back into oxaloacetate, one ATP is produced by adding a phosphate to ADP. FAD is reduced to FADH2 and another NAD+ becomes NADH. This completes the cycle.

34
Q

For every ONE molecule of glucose that enters the Krebs cycle (including the link reaction), what is produced?

A

4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP.

35
Q

Which step in aerobic respiration produces the most ATP? How much?

A

Electron transport chain, 32 ATP

36
Q

Explain the electron transport chain.

A

NADH and FADH2 lose electrons. The electrons move across the membrane of the mitochondrion, making charged molecules. The electricity generated from this motion connects phosphates to ADP to make ATP with the help of the pyruvate enzyme.

37
Q

Recap…

Cell respiration starts with…, which converts…to…and…ATP are produced.

A

Glycolysis, glucose, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP

38
Q

Recap…

Aerobic respiration

A

Uses oxygen, makes 36 ATP, occurs in mitochondria, uses link reaction, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain. Produces CO2 and H2O.

39
Q

Recap…

Anaerobic respiration

A

No O2, makes 2 ATP, occurs in cytosol, can make lactic acid or alcohol.

40
Q

1 ATP= 1…bond

A

Peptide.

PB Biology💜 (40 decks)

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