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PB Biology💜 > Anatomy Vocab: Circulatory, Digestive, Reproductive > Flashcards

Anatomy Vocab: Circulatory, Digestive, Reproductive Flashcards

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1
Q

Arteries

A

Blood vessels 2.5 cm thick that take oxygenated blood away from the heart.

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2
Q

Capillaries

A

The smallest blood vessel, where gases, wastes, and nutrients diffuse into and out of the bloodstream and body cells.

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3
Q

Veins

A

Blood vessels 3 cm thick that take oxygen-poor blood to the heart.

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4
Q

Describe the pathway of blood through the heart.

A

Vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta.

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5
Q

Vena cava

A

Two vena cava: Inferior vena cava, which brings de-oxygenated blood from lower body to the heart, and superior vena cava, which brings de-oxygenated blood from upper body to heart.

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6
Q

Left and right ventricles

A

Contract to force blood through the pulmonary valve or the aortic valve.

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7
Q

Left and right atria

A

Blood pools in here, when full they contract to force blood through bicuspid or tricuspid valve and into the ventricles.

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8
Q

Pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins

A

Pulmonary artery takes de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. Pulmonary veins take oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

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9
Q

Aorta

A

The artery that is attached to the heart. It has the highest blood pressure of anything in the body because it is how blood exits the heart.

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10
Q

Blood plasma

A

Mostly water, helps transport ions and nutrients.

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11
Q

Red blood cells

A

Help transport O2 and CO2.

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12
Q

White blood cells

A

Help with defense and immunity.

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13
Q

Platelets

A

Fragments that allow blood to clot.

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14
Q

Blood pressure

A

The force exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels, measured in mm Hg.

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15
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure: 140/90 or higher.

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16
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Fatty buildup of cholesterol or plaque in blood vessels, restricting blood flow, can lead to a heart attack or stroke.

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17
Q

Spleen

A

Where red blood cells are recycled.

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18
Q

Salivary glands

A

Produce saliva inside mouth to help with digestion. Saliva contains enzyme amylase to break down carbohydrates.

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19
Q

Esophagus

A

Tube for food to travel from mouth to stomach. Performs peristalsis.

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20
Q

Stomach

A

Has HCI and pepsin to digest food particles, turning them into chyme. Has a sphincter on top and bottom.

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21
Q

Peristalsis

A

The way that the tubes of the digestive tract contract in order to push food forward.

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22
Q

Small intestine

A

A smooth muscle tube about 20 ft. long, the first 1/3 finishes digestion using pancreatic enzymes (and small intestine enzymes). Last 2/3=absorption using villi.

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23
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces sodium bicarbonate to neutralize the low pH of chyme coming into intestine. Produces enzymes to digest the molecules. Produces insulin & glucagon hormones for blood sugar.

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24
Q

Bile

A

Substance made by liver that helps neutralize the pH of chyme to protect small intestine and emulsify fats.

25
Q

Liver

A

Makes bile to help with digestion and protection.

26
Q

Gall bladder

A

Stores bile made in liver, releases it when fatty foods are being digested. May fill up with painful gallstones..

27
Q

Villi

A

Finger-like projections in small intestine that increase surface area to allow for absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.

28
Q

Appendix

A

A little sac-like tube at the junction of small and large intestine that may be a source of symbiotic bacteria. Can become infected.

29
Q

Large intestine

A

The part of the digestive system that removes/absorbs excess water from waste.

30
Q

Rectum

A

The storage area for feces before they are eliminated from the body.

31
Q

Anus

A

The sphincter that is where poop exits the body.

32
Q

Urea

A

A chemical waste product made from the breakdown of proteins; a main component of urine.

33
Q

Glycogen

A

Stored glucose. Turns into glycogen and is stored in liver thanks to insulin, can turn back into glucose if needed by glucagon.

34
Q

Ovary

A

The site of oogenesis (egg cell meiosis) in female body. Contains follicles to hold and nourish eggs.

35
Q

Fallopian Tubes

A

Site of fertilization. Where egg goes after released by follicle.

36
Q

Uterus

A

Where implantation ideally occurs. Contains two linings, one that sheds monthly if no pregnancy. Where baby will develop.

37
Q

Vagina

A

Thin smooth muscle tube that connects the uterus to the outside of the body, birth canal where baby exits, and where penis is placed during intercourse. Has low pH to prevent infection.

38
Q

Menstrual cycle process

A
  1. menses- shed lining. 2. egg maturation- an egg cell completes meiosis. 3. ovulation- release of egg into fallopian tube. 4. development of uterine lining- prepare for potential pregnancy.
39
Q

Progesterone

A

Help maintain the uterine lining and placenta if pregnancy develops.

40
Q

Estrogen

A

Produced by the developing egg. Helps egg mature and uterine lining develop. Also allows for secondary sexual characteristics. Maintains lining and placenta if pregnant.

41
Q

Ovulation

A

Day 14 of menstrual cycle. Mature egg released from follicle, caught in fallopian tube. Stimulated by LH.

42
Q

Implantation

A

Fertilized egg travels down fallopian tube as mitosis is happening, reaches uterus and implants in endometrium. Cells from embryo & uterine lining form the placenta.

43
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing hormone. Stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone production by testes in males. Made by brain.

44
Q

FSH

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone. Produced in brain (both males & females), travels to ovary/teste and stimulates meiosis.

45
Q

Birth

A

Has three stages: Dilation of cervix to force out baby, delivery of infant, and delivery of placenta.

46
Q

Oxytocin

A

Hormone produced in mother’s pituitary gland. Stimulates contractions of the uterine muscle and cervix at birth; at lactation, secreted when baby sucks at nipple. Causes muscle contractions in nipple to force milk out of the mammary glands.

47
Q

Prolactin

A

The hormone that stimulates milk production so that a mom can breastfeed her baby.

48
Q

Lactation

A

Breastfeeding a baby with mom’s milk. Has many health benefits for the infant.

49
Q

Female contraceptive methods

A

Tubal ligation, hormonal methods (birth control pill, etc.), preventing implantation through IUD, RU486, and morning after pill, barrier (female condom, cervical cap, diaphragm, spermicidal jellies), and natural family planning.

50
Q

Testes

A

Site of spermatogenesis. (meiosis) Produces testosterone to help in spermatogenesis and secondary sexual characteristics.

51
Q

Epididymis

A

Tubing on top of testes where sperm mature and are stored- gives them caps and tails.

52
Q

Vas deferens

A

Tubing that carries the sperm away from the epididymis and to the urethra.

53
Q

Seminal vesicle

A

Male reproductive gland that produces sugars to provide energy for sperm motility. Makes the main part of semen.

54
Q

Prostate gland

A

Gland connecting to vas deferens making alkaline solution (for low-pH vagina) and prostaglandins to encourage smooth muscle of vagina/uterus/fallopian tubes to contract to help push the sperm along.

55
Q

Urethra

A

Vas deferens joins the urethra to allow for passage of sperm through the penis and out of the body into the vagina.

56
Q

Penis

A

Male sex organ used in intercourse. Has erectile tissue that causes blood flow into penis, making it easier to pass sperm into vagina.

57
Q

Scrotum

A

Keeps testes separate from body. Keeps the testes 1-3 degrees C less than body, to allow for sperm production

58
Q

Diaphragm

A

Female contraceptive method. Forms a barrier around the cervix preventing sperm from entering.

PB Biology💜 (40 decks)

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