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PB Biology💜 > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Examples of pathogens:

A

Bacteria, malaria from mosquitoes, fungi like ringworm, protists.

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2
Q

Why do we categorize pathogens?

A

Because there are different ways to treat them.

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3
Q

What is the top killer?

A

Acute respiratory infection, like influenza.

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4
Q

What are five modes of transmission?

A

Air, water/food, physical contact, bodily fluids, insect/animal bites.

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5
Q

What are some eubacteria diseases?

A

Tuberculosis, bubonic plague, cholera, leprosy, lyme disease, chlamydia.

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6
Q

How is tuberculosis spread?

A

Air or water.

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7
Q

How is the black death/bubonic plague spread?

A

Fleas.

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8
Q

How is cholera spread?

A

Contaminated water from dead organisms dying in the water.

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9
Q

How is leprosy spread?

A

Personal contact.

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10
Q

How is lyme disease spread?

A

Ticks.

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11
Q

How is chlamydia spread?

A

Personal contact.

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12
Q

What are some viral diseases?

A

Chicken pox, measels, flu, hepatitis, polio, AIDS, West Nile, Hanta virus.

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13
Q

Mode of transmission: Chicken pox

A

Air

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14
Q

Mode of transmission: Measels

A

Air

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15
Q

Mode of transmission: Flu

A

Air

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16
Q

Mode of transmission: Hepatitis

A

Contaminated food or water

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17
Q

Mode of transmission: Polio

A

Contaminated food or water

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18
Q

Mode of transmission: AIDS

A

Sex/bodily fluids, contaminated needles

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19
Q

Mode of transmission: West Nile

A

Mosquitoes

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20
Q

Mode of transmission: Hanta virus

A

Mouse droppings

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21
Q

What is a prion?

A

It is a protein fragment that can cause disease. It is neither a virus nor a bacteria. Even after cremating a victim, the prion can still survive.

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22
Q

How is Mad Cow disease spread?

A

When cows died, they were fed to other cows, continuing the disease. Also, Altoids mints from England.

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23
Q

What is an emerging disease?

A

It’s new (relatively); ex. West Nile, HIV, Lyme disease, Ebola, Sars

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24
Q

What is a re-emerging disease?

A

Basically under control, but it still pops up now and then; ex. tuberculosis, malaria, measles.

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25
Q

What is an endemic?

A

Always around, hard to make a vaccine for it. Ex. Flu, pneumonia, plague, strep throat.

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26
Q

What is the first line of defense against pathogens?

A

Also called nonspecific defense. Your skin, hair, mucus, enzymes, salt, acidic secretions, wax, normal flora (symbiotic bacteria).

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27
Q

What is the second line of defense?

A

The inflammatory response, when it gets past skin

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28
Q

What happens during the inflammatory response?

A

Redness, swelling, high temperature in a localized area.

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29
Q

What does the swelling in the inflammatory response do?

A

It prevents more pathogens from entering and prevents blood loss.

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30
Q

What does the redness in the inflammatory response do?

A

It indicates that blood is flowing to the area.

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31
Q

What does the temperature in the inflammatory response do?

A

It can kill off some pathogens because of increased temperature.

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32
Q

What are capillaries?

A

They are the smallest type of blood vessel.

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33
Q

Why do the capillaries dilate in the inflammatory response?

A

When they swell, they make cracks to let the white blood cells through. The white blood cells engulf the bacteria (phagocytosis).

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34
Q

What is the complement system?

A

It’s when white blood cell proteins latch onto the cell membranes of the pathogens and punch holes in them.

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35
Q

What happens to combat a viral infection?

A

Interferons are released, which interferes with viral reproduction in neighboring cells.

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36
Q

What is the third line of defense?

A

The immune response. If a pathogen takes hold, the Helper T cells recognize foreign antigens.

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37
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A

It’s when the helper T cells feel the antigens of the body (good antigens) and don’t recognize them as belonging. They attack.

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38
Q

What are examples of autoimmune diseases?

A

HIV, multiple sclerosis, arthritis, diabetes type 1.

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39
Q

What do Helper T cells do to foreign antigens?

A

They engulf it and present it to other WBCs y releasing interleukins 1 and 2 to chemically attract other WBCs to the infection.

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40
Q

What makes antibodies?

A

B cells.

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41
Q

What are antibodies?

A

They are proteins that perfectly match an antigen. They bind to an antigen (they have two spots to connect to an antigen) and cause cells to agglutinate.

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42
Q

How do B cells produce antibodies?

A

They match with the antigens, clone themselves into plasma cells which produce antigens and memory B cells.

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43
Q

What are memory B cells?

A

WBCs that fight off the antigen if it comes back.

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44
Q

How do you get a different strain of bacteria?

A

The antigens change slightly, leaving the WBCs unprepared for the new adaptations.

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45
Q

What are cytotoxic T cells?

A

They are killer cells. They are called in by interleukins 1 and 2. They release proteins that punch holes and kill the infected cells.

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46
Q

When does a phagocyte show up?

A

In the inflammatory response.

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47
Q

What does a phagocyte do?

A

It is a WBC that engulfs the agglutinated antigen and antibody cells.

48
Q

What do Suppressor T cells do?

A

They stop the release of histamines, decrease the number of WBCs around the infection, and finish off the process.

49
Q

What are the two types of prokaryotic bacteria?

A

Archea and eubacteria

50
Q

What are archea?

A

They are the oldest bacteria, the “earliest form of life,” and they use H2 to reduce CO2 to methane, producing marsh gas and biogas.

51
Q

What are the three types of archea?

A

Methanogens, thermophiles, and halophiles.

52
Q

What are methanogens?

A

They live deep underground, they are anaerobes, they feed on methane, and oxygen kills them.

53
Q

Where do archea usually live?

A

The harshest environments.

54
Q

What are halophiles?

A

They live in salty environments with salinity from 5-20% (compared to the 3% salinity of the sea).

55
Q

What are thermophiles?

A

They live in super hot environments- 60-80 degrees Celsius. They feed on sulfur by oxodizing it. They are found in hot springs.

56
Q

What are eubacteria?

A

They are the newer bacteria that can grow in Petri dishes with different nutrients and different conditions.

57
Q

What are the three bacterial/eubacteria shapes?

A

Bacilli (rod-shaped/hot-dog shaped), spirilla (spiral-shaped), and cocci (spherical).

58
Q

What are some examples of cocci?

A

Diplococci (comes in pairs), staphlococci (clusters), and streptococci (long chains).

59
Q

Many eubacteria are…(how they get food), but some are…(another way to get food.)

A

Heterotrophs (find food), autotrophs (make food).

60
Q

What are the two types of autotrophic eubacteria?

A

Photosynthetic and chemosynthetic.

61
Q

What was “the first organism to photosynthesize?”

A

Blue-green algae, which likely made most of our oxygen and killed many anaerobic organisms.

62
Q

What are the three kinds of heterotrophic bacteria?

A

Obligate anaerobe, obligate aerobe, facultative anaerobe.

63
Q

Obligate anaerobe

A

Has to live without oxygen, ex. Clostridium botulinum (lockjaw).

64
Q

Obligate aerobe

A

Needs to live with air/oxygen, ex. streptococcus.

65
Q

Facultative anaerobe

A

Can live with or without oxygen, ex. E. coli.

66
Q

What is binary fission?

A

Asexual reproduction in bacteria. The cell makes a copy of its DNA and splits into two cells. There is no genetic variation, which means that the clones are likely to die off from an antibiotic.

67
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Sexual reproduction in bacteria. DNA is exchanged: The smaller of the two chromosomes moves to the other bacteria cell. The bacteria form a conjugation bridge to do this and absorb DNA. This creates genetic variation and makes it harder for the antibiotic to kill the bacteria.

68
Q

What is an endospore? How does it form?

A

A bacterial cell that has shrunk and lost water and formed a hard outer layer in order to survive harsh conditions. It’s like hibernation. Some endospores can survive space.

69
Q

What is an example of an endospore?

A

Anthrax

70
Q

How do you turn an endospore back into bacteria?

A

Add water.

71
Q

Bacterial toxin definition and example

A

Bacterial waste. Ex. Salmonella produces waste as it feeds inside you.

72
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

They are medicines that kill only bacteria (no viruses) by preventing them from producing vital organelles such as a cell wall, membrane, enzymes, or DNA.

73
Q

What likely occurred if the antibiotic stopped working?

A

The bacteria developed adaptations. For example, some strains of tuberculosis are resistant to all antibiotics.

74
Q

Controlling bacteria and avoiding dangerous types

A

Use proper temperature (cooking thoroughly, heating and cooling appropriately), washing hands, cleaning surfaces,, canning food, refrigeration, freezing, preservatives (salt, vinegar, sugar, chemicals), antiseptics (alcohol and bleach), radiation.

75
Q

Helpful roles of bacteria

A

Decomposers, nitrogen fixation, fermentation, genetic engineering, digestion, mining, prevents pathogenic invasion, makes O2, bioremediation, antibiotics.

76
Q

Harmful roles of bacteria

A

Disease, spoils food.

77
Q

Allergy

A

Immune response to a non-pathogen. Includes swelling, redness, temp. increase. Treated with antihistamines.

78
Q

Active immunity

A

Pick up immunity during your life from vaccine or infection.

79
Q

Vaccine

A

Weakened, killed pathogens or chemicals produced by microorganisms that is injected or swallowed to build memory B cells for the antigens.

80
Q

Passive immunity

A

From pregnancy or lactation (breast feeding). Protects the babies from disease.

81
Q

SCIDS

A

Severe combined immunodeficiency disease. It’s genetic and it means you lack B cells and T cells. Patients typically live in a sterile bubble and go through gene therapy treatment.

82
Q

What is used to prevent an immune response to an organ transplant?

A

Anti-rejection drugs

83
Q

What can antihistamines do as a side effect?

A

Make you drowsy as they calm the immune response.

84
Q

Why don’t we typically get the same infection twice?

A

After this: pathogen shows up, immune response, 1st infection neutralized, then the memory B cells can shut down the infection faster next time if the pathogen shows up.

85
Q

What are two ways to decrease rejection of an organ transplant?

A

Use antirejection drugs to slow or prevent immune response or use an organ from your family because the antigens will be similar.

86
Q

What is one negative side effect of antirejection drugs?

A

They weaken your immune system.

87
Q

What is a virus?

A

A nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. It is an obligate parasite, but it is not a living creature because it requires a host cell to reproduce.

88
Q

What two nucleic acids could a virus contain?

A

DNA and RNA.

89
Q

What is a retrovirus?

A

A virus containing RNA, which must convert RNA to DNA once inside host cell.

90
Q

Why is a retrovirus unusual?

A

It was always thought that DNA made RNA which made proteins, but in a retrovirus, the RNA would convert to DNA.

91
Q

What are the two paths of a viral life cycle?

A

Lysogenic and lytic.

92
Q

What happens during a lytic infection?

A

Attachment: The virus attaches to the host cell. Then it injects its own DNA into the cell. Duplication: The viral phages/chromosome duplicates. Release: The host cell wall ruptures, or lyses, releasing new viral particles called phages. These can infect new cells now.

93
Q

What happens during a lysogenic infection?

A

Attachment/injection: virus attaches and injects its DNA into the cell. Incorporation: viral DNA is added to the cell’s DNA. The cell splits. multiplying the viral DNA, during mitosis.

94
Q

What can trigger the lysogenic infection to turn into a lytic infection?

A

Stress or chemicals, lysogenic infections aren’t noticed as much as lytic infections.

95
Q

What is AIDS?

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Few Helper T cells.

96
Q

What is HIV?

A

Human immunodeficiency virus, a type of retrovirus that attacks Helper T cells. It can take a very long time to actually kill its victim.

97
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

Through cuts and tears, often during intercourse, but also anytime blood can be shared. Dirty needles, blood transfusion, passed down by birth, placenta, or lactation.

98
Q

How many people are infected with HIV and/or AIDS each year?

A

5 million.

99
Q

How many people die from HIV or AIDS each year?

A

3 million.

100
Q

What specifically do HIV and AIDS viruses attack?

A

The Helper T cells.

101
Q

What kind of virus is HIV?

A

A retrovirus.

102
Q

What is the process of reverse transcriptase?

A

It is the process of converting RNA to DNA for the HIV virus. It is a major source of error with a high mutation rate, which allows for adaptations that can help the virus survive.

103
Q

What is transcriptase?

A

It is the enzyme that lowers the activation energy for converting RNA to DNA.

104
Q

What receptors does HIV bind to?

A

CD4 and CCR5.

105
Q

What happens if you have a defective CCR5 receptor, like some people?

A

You may be resistant or immune to HIV.

106
Q

What are three forms of HIV treatment?

A

AZT, integrase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors.

107
Q

What is AZT?

A

The initial drug given for HIV that prevents reverse transcriptase.

108
Q

What are integrase inhibitors?

A

They prevent HIV DNA from integrating into the host cell’s DNA.

109
Q

What are protease inhibitors?

A

They prevent the transcription of viral proteins.

110
Q

What is the Nef gene?

A

It is the gene that allows the HIV virus to enter without the Helper T cells displaying the antigen. The HIV “sneaks in.””

111
Q

What does a defective Nef gene do?

A

It allows the HIV antigen to be presented so that the white blood cells attack it. Common in certain Australian populations.

112
Q

How many HIV viruses can be made in one person’s body each day?

A

Up to 5 billion.

113
Q

How many Helper T cells can be destroyed by HIV each day in one person’s body?

A

Up to 2 million.

114
Q

At what amount of Helper T cells is a person considered to have AIDS?

A

If they have 200 or fewer Helper T cells per mililiter of blood, they have AIDS.

115
Q

How many Helper T cells does a healthy person have?

A

1000 per mililiter.

116
Q

What is the main risk from AIDS?

A

The immune system becomes so compromised that it can’t prevent opportunistic infections such as pneumonia and sarcoma.

117
Q

Helper T cells vs. Cytotoxic T cells

A

Helper T cells engulf foreign antigens and present them on their surface. They are the “alarm bells.” Cytotoxic T cells are killers that have proteins to punch holes in infected cells.

PB Biology💜 (40 decks)

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