Unit 7 Flashcards
Socialization
Teaching children the values, roles, and behaviors of their culture.
Authoritarian Parenting
Style of parenting in which parents show high levels of control and low levels of warmth toward their children.
Authoritative Parenting
Style of parenting in which parents use a moderate amount of control and are warm and responsive to their children.
Permissive Parenting
Style of parenting in which parents offer warmth and caring but little control over their children.
Uninvolved Parenting
Style of parenting in which parents provide neither warmth nor control and minimize the time they spend with their children.
Direct Instruction
Telling the child what to do, when, and why.
Counterimitation
Learning what should not be done by observing the behavior.
Reinforcement
Consequence that increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated in the future.
Punishment
Application of an aversive stimulus (eg., a spanking) or removal of an attractive stimulus (eg., TV viewing).
Negative Reinforcement Trap
Unwittingly reinforcing a behavior you want to discourage.
Time-Out
Punishment that involves removing children who are misbehaving from a situation to a quiet, unstimulating environment.
Open Adoption
An adoption in which adopted children (and their adoptive families) communicate with the children’s birth family.
Joint Custody
Custody agreement in which both parents retain legal custody of their children following divorce.
Blended Family
Family consisting of a biological parent, a stepparent, and children.
Ego Resilience
Person’s ability to respond adaptively and resourcefully to new situations.
Friendship
Voluntary relationship between two people involving mutual liking.
Co-Rumination
Conversation about one’s personal problems, common among adolescent girls.
Clique
Small group of friends who are similar in age, sex, and race.
Crowd
Large group including many cliques that have similar attitudes and values.
Dominance Hierarchy
Ordering of individuals within a group in which group members with lower status defer to those with greater status.
Popular Children
Children who are liked by many classmates.
Rejected Children
As applied to children’s popularity, children who are disliked by many classmates.
Controversial Children
As applied to children’s popularity, children who are intensely liked or disliked by classmates.
Average Children
As applied to children’s popularity, children who are liked and disliked by different classmates, but with relatively little intensity.
Neglected Children
As applied to children’s popularity, children who are ignored (neither liked or disliked) by their classmates.
Instrumental Aggression
Aggression used to achieve an explicit goal.
Hostile Aggression
Unprovoked aggression that seems to have the sole goal of intimidating, harassing, or humiliating another child.
Cyberbullying
Using social media to hurt other people by repeatedly insulting them, excluding them, or spreading rumors about them.
Undifferentiated
Occurs at ages 3 to 6. Children know that self and others can have different thoughts and feelings but often confuse the two.
Social-Informational
Occurs at ages 4 to 9. Children know that perspectives differ because people can have access to different information.
Self-Reflective
Occurs at ages 7 to 12. Children can step into another person’s shoes and view themselves as others do; they know that others can do the same.
Third-Person
Occurs at ages 10 to 15. Children can step outside the immediate situation to see how they and another person are viewed by a third person.
Societal
Occurs at ages 14 and beyond. Adolescents realize that a third-person perspective is influenced by broader personal, social, and cultural contexts.
Recursive Thinking
Thoughts that focus on what another person is thinking.
