Unit 6 Flashcards
Mental Operations
Cognitive actions that can be performed on objects or ideas.
Deductive Reasoning
Drawing conclusions from facts; characteristic of formal-operational thought.
Working Memory
Type of memory in which a small number of items can be stored briefly.
Long-Term Memory
Permanent storehouse for memories that has unlimited capacity.
Organization
As applied to children’s memory, a strategy in which information to be remember is structured so that related information is placed together.
Elaboration
Memory strategy in which information is embellished to make it more memorable.
Metamemory
Person’s informal understanding of memory; includes the ability to diagnose memory problems accurately and to monitor the effectiveness of memory strategies.
Metacognitive Knowledge
A person’s knowledge and awareness of cognitive processes.
Cognitive Self-Regulation
Skill at identifying goals, selecting effective strategies, and monitoring accurately; a characteristic of successful students.
Psychometricians
Psychologists who specialize in measuring psychological traits such as intelligence and personality.
Fluid Intelligence
The ability to reason and think abstractly and solve problems. Independent of learning, experience, and tradition.
Crystallized Intelligence
Based upon facts and rooted in experiences. Becomes stronger as we age, accumulating new knowledge and understanding.
Linguistic Intelligence
Knowing the meanings of words, having the ability to use words to understand new ideas, and using language to convey ideas to others.
Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
Understanding relations that exist among objects, actions, and ideas as well as the logical or mathematical operations that can be performed on them.
Spatial Intelligence
Perceiving objects accurately and imagining in the mind’s eye the appearance of an object before and after it has been transformed.
Musical Intelligence
Comprehending and producing sounds varying in pitch, rhythm, and emotional tone.
Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence
Using one’s body in highly differentiated ways as dancers, craftspeople, and athletes do.
Interpersonal Intelligence
Identifying different feelings, moods, motivations, and intentions in others.
Intrapersonal Intelligence
Understanding one’s emotions and knowing one’s strengths and weaknesses.
Naturalistic Intelligence
Understanding the natural world, distinguishing natural objects from artifacts, and grouping and labeling natural phenomena.
Existential Intelligence
Considering “ultimate” issues, such as the purpose of life and the nature of death.
Emotional Intelligence
Ability to use one’s own and others’ emotions effectively for solving problems and living happily.
Analytic Ability
In Sternberg’s theory of intelligence, the ability to analyze problems and generate different solutions.
Creative Ability
In Sternberg’s theory of intelligence, the ability to deal adaptively with novel situations and problems.
Practical Ability
In Sternberg’s theory of intelligence, the ability to know which problem solutions are likely to work.
Mental Age (MA)
In intelligence testing, a measure of children’s performance corresponding to the chronological age of those whose performance equals the child’s.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
Mathematical representation of how a person scores on an intelligence test in relation to how other people of the same age score.
Culture-Fair Intelligence Tests
Intelligence tests devised using items common to many cultures.
Stereotype Threat
An evoked fear of being judged in accordance with a negative stereotype about a group to which you belong.
Divergent Thinking
Thinking in novel and unusual directions.
Intellectual Disability
Substantially below-average intelligence and problems adapting to an environment that emerge before the age of 18.
Learning Disability
When a child with normal intelligence has difficulty mastering at least one academic subject.
Word Recognition
The process of identifying a unique pattern of letters.
Comprehension
The process of extracting meaning from a sequence of words.
Phonological Awareness
The ability to hear the distinctive sounds of letters.
Knowledge-Telling Strategy
Writing down information as it is retrieved from memory, a common practice for young writers.
Knowledge-Transforming Strategy
Deciding what information to include and how best to organize it to convey a point.
