Unit 6

Question 1

Mental Operations

Answer 1

Cognitive actions that can be performed on objects or ideas.

Question 2

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 2

Drawing conclusions from facts; characteristic of formal-operational thought.

Question 3

Working Memory

Answer 3

Type of memory in which a small number of items can be stored briefly.

Question 4

Long-Term Memory

Answer 4

Permanent storehouse for memories that has unlimited capacity.

Question 5

Organization

Answer 5

As applied to children’s memory, a strategy in which information to be remember is structured so that related information is placed together.

Question 6

Elaboration

Answer 6

Memory strategy in which information is embellished to make it more memorable.

Question 7

Metamemory

Answer 7

Person’s informal understanding of memory; includes the ability to diagnose memory problems accurately and to monitor the effectiveness of memory strategies.

Question 8

Metacognitive Knowledge

Answer 8

A person’s knowledge and awareness of cognitive processes.

Question 9

Cognitive Self-Regulation

Answer 9

Skill at identifying goals, selecting effective strategies, and monitoring accurately; a characteristic of successful students.

Question 10

Psychometricians

Answer 10

Psychologists who specialize in measuring psychological traits such as intelligence and personality.

Question 11

Fluid Intelligence

Answer 11

The ability to reason and think abstractly and solve problems. Independent of learning, experience, and tradition.

Question 12

Crystallized Intelligence

Answer 12

Based upon facts and rooted in experiences. Becomes stronger as we age, accumulating new knowledge and understanding.

Question 13

Linguistic Intelligence

Answer 13

Knowing the meanings of words, having the ability to use words to understand new ideas, and using language to convey ideas to others.

Question 14

Logical-Mathematical Intelligence

Answer 14

Understanding relations that exist among objects, actions, and ideas as well as the logical or mathematical operations that can be performed on them.

Question 15

Spatial Intelligence

Answer 15

Perceiving objects accurately and imagining in the mind’s eye the appearance of an object before and after it has been transformed.

Question 16

Musical Intelligence

Answer 16

Comprehending and producing sounds varying in pitch, rhythm, and emotional tone.

Question 17

Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence

Answer 17

Using one’s body in highly differentiated ways as dancers, craftspeople, and athletes do.

Question 18

Interpersonal Intelligence

Answer 18

Identifying different feelings, moods, motivations, and intentions in others.

Question 19

Intrapersonal Intelligence

Answer 19

Understanding one’s emotions and knowing one’s strengths and weaknesses.

Question 20

Naturalistic Intelligence

Answer 20

Understanding the natural world, distinguishing natural objects from artifacts, and grouping and labeling natural phenomena.

Question 21

Existential Intelligence

Answer 21

Considering “ultimate” issues, such as the purpose of life and the nature of death.

Question 22

Emotional Intelligence

Answer 22

Ability to use one’s own and others’ emotions effectively for solving problems and living happily.

Question 23

Analytic Ability

Answer 23

In Sternberg’s theory of intelligence, the ability to analyze problems and generate different solutions.

Question 24

Creative Ability

Answer 24

In Sternberg’s theory of intelligence, the ability to deal adaptively with novel situations and problems.

Question 25

Practical Ability

Answer 25

In Sternberg’s theory of intelligence, the ability to know which problem solutions are likely to work.

Question 26

Mental Age (MA)

Answer 26

In intelligence testing, a measure of children’s performance corresponding to the chronological age of those whose performance equals the child’s.

Question 27

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Answer 27

Mathematical representation of how a person scores on an intelligence test in relation to how other people of the same age score.

Question 28

Culture-Fair Intelligence Tests

Answer 28

Intelligence tests devised using items common to many cultures.

Question 29

Stereotype Threat

Answer 29

An evoked fear of being judged in accordance with a negative stereotype about a group to which you belong.

Question 30

Divergent Thinking

Answer 30

Thinking in novel and unusual directions.

Question 31

Intellectual Disability

Answer 31

Substantially below-average intelligence and problems adapting to an environment that emerge before the age of 18.

Question 32

Learning Disability

Answer 32

When a child with normal intelligence has difficulty mastering at least one academic subject.

Question 33

Word Recognition

Answer 33

The process of identifying a unique pattern of letters.

Question 34

Comprehension

Answer 34

The process of extracting meaning from a sequence of words.

Question 35

Phonological Awareness

Answer 35

The ability to hear the distinctive sounds of letters.

Question 36

Knowledge-Telling Strategy

Answer 36

Writing down information as it is retrieved from memory, a common practice for young writers.

Question 37

Knowledge-Transforming Strategy

Answer 37

Deciding what information to include and how best to organize it to convey a point.