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Lifespan Development > Unit 1 Flashcards > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Human Development

A

The multidisciplinary study of how people change and how they remain the same over time.

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2
Q

Nature-Nurture Issue

A

The degree to which genetic or hereditary influences (nature) and experiential or environmental influences (nurture) determine the kind of person you are.

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3
Q

Continuity-Discontinuity Issue

A

Concerns whether a particular developmental phenomenon represents a smooth progression throughout the life span (continuity) or a series of abrupt shifts (discontinuity).

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4
Q

Stability-Change Issue

A

Concerns whether there is one path of development or several.

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5
Q

Biopsychosocial Framework

A

Useful way to organize the biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces on human development.

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6
Q

Biological Forces

A

All genetic and health-related factors that affect development (eg. prenatal development, puberty, physical aging).

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7
Q

Psychological Forces

A

All internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality factors that affect development.

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8
Q

Sociocultural Forces

A

Interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors that affect development.

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9
Q

Life-Cycle Forces

A

Differences in how the same event affects people of different ages.

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10
Q

Neuroscience

A

The study of the brain and the nervous system, especially in terms of brain-behavior relationships.

Methods may consist of using molecular analyses of individual brain cells to sophisticated techniques that yield images of brain activity

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11
Q

(Developmental) Theory

A

An organized set of ideas that explains development.

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12
Q

Psychodynamic Theories

A

Hold that development is largely determined by how well people resolve conflicts they face at different ages.

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13
Q

Psychosocial Theory (Erik Erikson)

A

Erikson’s theory that personality development is determined by the interaction of an internal maturational plan and external societal demands.

Composed of 8 stages.

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14
Q

Epigenetic Principle

A

Means by which each psychosocial strength has its own special period of particular importance.

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15
Q

Basic Trust vs. Mistrust

A

Occurs from birth to 1 year. To develop a sense that the world is safe, a “good place.”

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16
Q

Autonomy vs. Shame

A

1 to 3 years. To realize that one is an independent person who can make decisions and doubt.

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16
Q

Initiative vs. Guilt

A

3 to 6 years. To develop the ability to try new things and to handle failure.

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17
Q

Industry vs. Inferiority

A

6 years to adolescence. To learn basic skills and to work with others.

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18
Q

Identity vs. Role Confusion

A

Adolescence. To develop a lasting, integrated sense of self.

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19
Q

Intimacy vs. Isolation

A

Young adulthood. To commit to another in a loving relationship.

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20
Q

Generativity vs. Stagnation

A

Middle adulthood. To contribute to younger people through child rearing, child care, or other productive work.

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21
Q

Integrity vs. Despair

A

Late life. To view one’s life as satisfactory and worth living.

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22
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Technique in which the consequences of a behavior determine whether a behavior is repeated in the future.

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23
Q

Reinforcement

A

A consequence that increases the likelihood of the behavior that it follows.

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24
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Reinforcement that consists of giving a reward to increase the likelihood of a behavior recurring.

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25
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Reinforcement that consists of rewarding people by taking away things that are unpleasant.

26
Q

Punishment

A

A consequence that decreases the likelihood of the behavior that follows.

27
Q

Observational Learning (Imitation)

A

Learning by simply watching those around them.

28
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

People’s beliefs about their own abilities and talents.

29
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

A learning process by which two stimuli are repeatedly paired: an automatic conditioned response is paired with a specific stimulus, encouraging a certain behavior.

30
Q

Assimilation

A

When a person treats a new event in a way similar to a previous event; to incorporate new information into an existing schema.

31
Q

Accommodation

A

When a person must change or adapt to an event in the environment; to change an existing schema to incorporate the new information.

32
Q

Schema

A

A representation of a mental concept.

33
Q

Microsystem

A

The people and objects in an individual’s immediate environment.

34
Q

Mesosystem

A

Provides connections across microsystems because what happens in one microsystem is likely to influence others.

35
Q

Exosystem

A

Social settings that a person may not experience firsthand but that still influence development.

36
Q

Macrosystem

A

The cultures and subcultures in which the microsystem, mesosystem, and exosystem are embedded.

37
Q

Competence

A

A person’s abilities.

38
Q

Environmental Press

A

The demands put on people by the environment.

39
Q

Life-Span Perspective

A

View that human development is multiply determined and cannot be understood within the scope of a single framework.

40
Q

Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC) Model

A

View that selection, optimization, and compensation form a system of behavioral action that generates and regulates development and aging.

41
Q

Systematic Observation

A

Watching people and carefully recording what they do or say.

42
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Observing people as they behave spontaneously in a real-life situation.

43
Q

Structured Observation

A

Method in which the researcher creates a setting that is likely to bring out the behavior of interest.

44
Q

Self-Reports

A

People’s answers to questions about the topic of interest.

45
Q

Reliability

A

The extent to which a measure provides a consistent index of a characteristic.

46
Q

Validity

A

Whether a measure actually measures what researchers think it measures.

47
Q

Populations

A

Broad groups of people that are of interest to researchers.

48
Q

Sample

A

A subset of the population.

49
Q

Correlational Study

A

Investigation looking at relations between variables as they exist naturally in the world.

50
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

An expression of the strength and direction of a relation between two variables.

51
Q

Non-Experimental Designs

A

Naturalistic observations, case studies, surveys.

52
Q

Experimental Designs

A

Subjects (or participants) are randomly assigned to the experimental and control conditions; tries to avoid confounding variables.

53
Q

Quasi-Experimental Design

A

Studies that aim to evaluate interventions without random assignment. Aims to demonstrate causality between an intervention and an outcome.

54
Q

Experiment

A

A systematic way of manipulating the key factor(s) that the investigator thinks causes a particular behavior.

55
Q

Independent Variable

A

The factor manipulated in an experiment.

56
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The behavior being observed in an experiment, used to evaluate the impact of the independent variable.

57
Q

Qualitative Research

A

Method that involves gaining in-depth understanding of human behavior and what governs it. May require smaller but focused samples rather than large random samples.

58
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

A research design in which the same individuals are observed or tested repeatedly at different points in their lives.

59
Q

Cross-Sectional Study

A

Study in which developmental differences are identified by testing people of different ages.

60
Q

Cohort Effects

A

A problem with cross-sectional designs in which differences between age groups (cohorts) may result from environmental events, not from developmental processes.

61
Q

Sequential Design

A

Developmental research design based on cross-sectional and longitudinal designs (starts with one of the designs and adds more on top of it).

62
Q

Meta-analysis

A

A tool that enables researchers to synthesize the results of many studies to estimate relations between variables.

Lifespan Development (16 decks)

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