Unit 5 Flashcards
Hope
According to Erikson, openness to new experience tempered by wariness that occurs when trust and mistrust are in balance.
Will
According to Erikson, a young child’s understanding that he or she can act on the world intentionally; this occurs when autonomy, shame, and doubt are in balance.
Purpose
According to Erikson, balance between individual initiative and the willingness to cooperate with others.
Evolutionary Psychology
Theoretical view that many human behaviors represent successful adaptations to the environment.
Secure Attachment
Relationship in which infants have come to trust and depend on their mothers.
Avoidant Attachment
Relationship in which infants turn away from their mothers when they are reunited following a brief separation.
Resistant Attachment
Relationship in which, after a brief separation, infants want to be held but are difficult to console.
Disorganized (Disoriented) Attachment
Relationship in which infants don’t seem to understand what’s happening when they are separated and later reunited with their mothers.
Internal Working Model
Infant’s understanding of how responsive and dependable the mother is; thought to influence close relationships throughout the child’s life.
Basic Emotions
Emotions experienced by humankind that consist of three elements: a subjective feeling, a physiological change, and an overt behavior.
Social Smiles
A smile that infants produce when they see a human face (occurs at about 2 to 3 months of age).
Stranger Wariness
First distinct signs of fear that emerge around 6 months of age when infants become wary in the presence of unfamiliar adults.
Social Referencing
Behavior in which infants in unfamiliar or ambiguous environments look at an adult for cues to help them interpret the situation.
Parellel Play
When children play alone but are aware of and interested in what another child is doing.
Simple Social Play
Play that begins at about 15 to 18 months; toddlers engage in similar activities as well as talk and smile at each other.
Cooperative Play
Play that is organized around a theme, with each child taking on a different role; begins at about 2 years of age.
Enabling Actions
Individuals’ actions and remarks that tend to support others and sustain the interaction.
Constricting Actions
Interaction in which one partner tries to emerge as the victor by threatening or contradicting the other.
Prosocial Behavior
Any behavior that benefits another person other than the self (eg. cooperation).
Altruism
Prosocial behavior such as helping and sharing in which the individual does not benefit directly from his or her own behavior.
Empathy
Act of experiencing another person’s feelings.
Skills
Perspective-taking and empathy.
Situational Influences
Feelings of responsibility, feelings of competence, mood, and cost of altruism.
Heredity
Temperament.
Social Cognitive Theory
Describes the influence of individual experiences, the actions of others, and environmental factors on individual health behaviors. Individuals may form a gender identity based on imitation and differential reinforcement.
Gender-Schema Theory
Theory that states that children want to learn more about an activity only after first deciding whether it is masculine or feminine.
Gender Identity
Sense of oneself as male or female.
Social Role
Set of cultural guidelines about how one should behave, especially with other people.
Gender Stereotypes
Beliefs and images about males and females that are not necessarily true.
Relational Aggression
Aggression used to hurt others by undermining their social relationships.
