Unit 5: Unit 5: Archaic Greece (ca. 750–ca. 480 BCE) and the Rise of Sparta: Objectives Flashcards
Development and Government of the Archaic Greek City-State:
The Archaic period (c. 800–500 BCE) saw the rise of the polis, an independent city-state with its own government, laws, and military. Aristocratic rule gave way to tyrannies and, eventually, early forms of democracy, especially in Athens. Governments varied, including oligarchies (Sparta), monarchies, and early democratic institutions.
Colonization by Archaic Greeks:
Between the 8th and 6th centuries BCE, Greeks established colonies across the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions due to population growth, trade, and resource scarcity. Major colonies included those in southern Italy (Magna Graecia), Sicily, and Asia Minor, spreading Greek culture and political models.
Main Developments in Art During the Archaic Period:
Archaic art evolved from rigid, Egyptian-inspired forms to more naturalistic styles. The kouros (nude male statue) and kore (clothed female statue) figures became common. Black-figure and later red-figure pottery flourished, depicting mythology and daily life.
Main Developments in Poetry and Philosophy in the Archaic Period:
Poetry thrived with Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey and Hesiod’s works on mythology and farming. Lyric poetry, exemplified by Sappho and Pindar, became prominent. Early philosophy emerged with thinkers like Thales, who sought natural explanations for the world rather than relying on mythology.
Peculiar Features of Spartan Society and Government:
Sparta had a unique dual kingship, a rigid social hierarchy, and a military-focused society. The agoge trained boys for war, and the helots (serfs) worked the land under harsh conditions. Power was shared between kings, the Gerousia (council of elders), and the Ephors (magistrates).
Spartan Education and Gender Roles:
Spartan boys entered the agoge at age seven for military training, enduring discipline, hardship, and combat preparation. Spartan women were educated, physically trained, and encouraged to bear strong children. Unlike other Greek women, they had more freedom and could own property.
