Unit 5 IDs Flashcards
Ch.9 Pg. 323 - P,S,E,N
Louis XVI
A: Last King of France, husband of Marie Antoinette
B: Due to his incompatancy as King the Revolution prevailed, ending monarchy in France.
Ch.9 Pg. 263 - S,P,E,N,R
Estates System
A: The social class system of France before the Revolution.
1st estate- Chatholic clergy
2nd estate- Nobility
3rd estate- everyone else
B: Abused 3rd estate, sparked revo
Ch.9 Pg. 323
National Assembly
A: A legislative body in prerevolutionary France made up of representatives of each of the three classes, or estates. It was called into session in 1789 for the first time since 1614. (Ch. 9)
B: Abolished Guilds 1791. Other European countries followed suit.
Ch.9 Pg. 323 - P,S,E,N
Tennis Court Oath
A: On June 20, excluded from their hall because of “repairs,” the delegates moved to a large indoor tennis court, where they swore the famous Tennis Court Oath. A pledge to not disband until they had been recognized as a national assembly and had written a new constitution.
B: Eventually lead to the demantaling of monarchy in France.
Ch.9 Pg. 328 - P,S,N
Storming of the Bastille
A: The Storm of Bastille (a prison and symbol of oppression for the 3rd estate) to obtain gunpowder to prepare to stop the King Louis XVI and his men if they tried to arrest memebers of France’s newly constituted National Assembly.
B: Officially marked the beginning of the French revolution.
Ch.9 Pg. 324 - P,S,N
The Great Fear
A: Fear of peasants that Noble will do to them after the uprizing of the summer of 1789 in rural areas, as well as the uprising it’s self are called “The Great Fear”. In the summer of 1789, throughout France peasants began to rise in insurrection against their lords, ransacking manor houses and burning feudal documents that recorded their obligations. In some areas peasants reoccupied common lands enclosed by landowners and seized forests. Created emigres: Nobels that fled duering the great fear.
B: Fear of retaliation from the state and noble landowners against these actions — called the Great Fear by contemporaries — seized the rural poor and fanned the flames of rebellion.
Ch.9 Pg. 314 - P,S
Declaration of the Rights of Man
A: The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, set by France’s National Constituent Assembly in 1789, issued at the beginning of the French Revolution, proclaimed that “liberty consists in being able to do anything that does not harm another person.”
B: In the context of the monarchical and absolutist forms of government then dominating Europe, this was a truly radical idea.
Ch.9 Pg. 325 - S,P,E
Marie Antoinette
A: Last Queen of France, daughter of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, used as a tool of sovereignty by her mother to form an alliance between Austria and France. Hated by the French people at first because Louis XVI refused to touch her so because in French culture the people always chanched to reflect it’s King the Queen was blamed for their marage remaining un-concemated as well as her frivlous liftyle, then later when their marriage was concemated she became hated only for her frivolousnous.
B: Last Queen of France.
Ch.9 Pg. 325 - P,S,E
Women’s March to Versailles
A: On October 5, 1789, thousands of poor Parisian women marched to Versailles to protest the price of bread, and try to kill the Queen.
B: Capture of the royal family and their forceful relocation to Paris where they would be held captive.
Ch.9 Pg. 328 - P,S
Maximilien Robespierre
A: A provincial lawyer and delegate of the National Assembly, eventually turned into a power hungry, blood thirsty dictator.
B: Ordered the execution of many French people by guillotine in “ The Regin of Terror” Orderd the Execution of the royal family. Lead the French Revo.
Ch.9 Pg. 329 - P,S,I
Edmund Burke
A: On the one hand, liberals and radicals saw a mighty triumph of liberty over despotism. On the other hand, conservative leaders such as British statesman Edmund Burke (1729–1797) were intensely troubled.
B: In 1790 Burke published Reflections on the Revolution in France, one of the great expressions of European conservatism. He derided abstract principles of “liberty” and “rights” and insisted on the importance of inherited traditions and privileges as a bastion of social stability.
Ch.9 Pg. 329 - S,P,E
Mary Wollstonecraft, “A Vindication of the Rights of Women”
A: English writer Mary Wollstonecraft — vigorously rejected notion of women’s limitations preached by men such as Rousseau and Burke.
(Context: In 1790 Burke published Reflections on the Revolution in France, one of the great expressions of European conservatism. He derided abstract principles of “liberty” and “rights” and insisted on the importance of inherited traditions and privileges as a bastion of social stability.)
B: Incensed by Burke’s book, Wollstonecraft (WOOL-stuhn-kraft) wrote a blistering attack, A Vindication of the Rights of Man (1790). Two years later, she published her masterpiece, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792). Like de Gouges in France, Wollstonecraft demanded equal rights for women. She also advocated coeducation out of the belief that it would make women better wives and mothers, good citizens, and economically independent. Considered very radical for the time, the book became a founding text of later feminist movements.
Ch. 9 Pg. 330 - P,S
Legislative Assembly
A: The Legislative Assembly was established under the Constitution of 1791, which aimed to create a constitutional monarchy with Louis XVI as the head of state. The assembly was elected by a system of indirect voting, with the franchise restricted to “active” citizens who paid a minimal sum in taxes. Many members of the Legislative Assembly belonged to the Jacobin Club of Paris.
B: On August 10, 1792, a revolutionary crowd attacked the royal palace at the Tuileries (TWEE-luh-reez), while the royal family fled to the Legislative Assembly. Rather than offering refuge, the Assembly suspended the king from all his functions, imprisoned him, and called for a constitutional assembly to be elected by universal male suffrage.
Ch. 9 Pg. 330 - P,S
National Convention
A: National Convention replaced the Legislative Assembly. As with the Legislative Assembly, many members of the new National Convention belonged to the Jacobin Club of Paris.
B: Proclaimed France a republic, a nation in which the people, instead of a monarch, held sovereign power. Convicted Louis XVI of treason.
Ch. 9 Pg. 330 - P,S
Jacobin Club
A: A political club in revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical republicans. (Ch. 9) It was one of the many political clubs that had formed to debate the political issues of the day. But the Jacobins themselves were increasingly divided into two bitterly opposed groups — the Girondists (A moderate group that fought for control of the French National Convention in 1793) and the Mountain (Led by Robespierre, the French National Convention’s radical faction, which seized legislative power in 1793) led by Robespierre and another young lawyer, Georges Jacques Danton.
B: The Girondists accepted his guilt but did not wish to put the king to death. By a narrow majority, the Mountain carried the day, and Louis was executed on January 21, 1793, by guillotine.
Ch. 9 Pg. 330 - P,S
Girondists
A: the Jacobins themselves were increasingly divided into two bitterly opposed groups — the Girondists (A moderate group that fought for control of the French National Convention in 1793) and the Mountain (Led by Robespierre, the French National Convention’s radical faction, which seized legislative power in 1793) led by Robespierre and another young lawyer, Georges Jacques Danton.
B: The Girondists accepted his guilt but did not wish to put the king to death. By a narrow majority, the Mountain carried the day, and Louis was executed on January 21, 1793, by guillotine.
Ch. 9 Pg. 330 - P,S
The “Mountain¨
A: the Jacobins themselves were increasingly divided into two bitterly opposed groups — the Girondists (A moderate group that fought for control of the French National Convention in 1793) and the Mountain (Led by Robespierre, the French National Convention’s radical faction, which seized legislative power in 1793) led by Robespierre and another young lawyer, Georges Jacques Danton.
B: The Girondists accepted his guilt but did not wish to put the king to death. By a narrow majority, the Mountain carried the day, and Louis was executed on January 21, 1793, by guillotine.
Ch. 9 Pg. 331 - P,S,E
Sans-Culottes
A: The laboring poor of Paris. Named “Sans-Culottes” because the men wore trousers instead of the knee breeches of the aristocracy and middle class; the word came to refer to the militant radicals of the city.
B: They demanded radical political action to defend the Revolution. The Mountain, sensing an opportunity to outmaneuver the Girondists, joined with sans-culottes activists to engineer a popular uprising. On June 2, 1793, armed sans-culottes invaded the National Convention and forced its deputies to arrest twenty-nine Girondist deputies for treason. All power passed to the Mountain.
Ch. 9 Pg. 331 - P,S
Committee of Public Safety
A: The National Convention , led by Robespierre also formed the Committee of Public Safety in April 1793 to deal with threats from within and outside France.
B: The Committee, led by Robespierre, held dictatorial power and was allowed to use whatever force necessary to defend the Revolution. Moderates in leading provincial cities revolted against the Committee’s power and demanded a decentralized government..
Ch. 9 Pg. 333 - P,S
Reign of Terror
A: The period from 1793 to 1794 during which Robespierre’s Committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands suspected of treason and a new revolutionary culture was imposed. (Ch. 9)
B: Some forty thousand French men and women were executed or died in prison, and around three hundred thousand were arrested, making the Reign of Terror one of the most controversial phases of the Revolution. Presented as a necessary measure to save the republic, the Terror was a weapon directed against all suspected of opposing the revolutionary government.
Ch. 9 Pg. 333 - P,S
Thermidorian Reaction
A: A reaction to the violence of the Reign of Terror in 1794, resulting in the execution of Robespierre by a group of radicals and moderates in the Convention, and the loosening of economic controls. (Ch. 9)
B: The new leaders of government proclaimed an end to the revolutionary expediency of the Terror and the return of representative government, the rule of law, and liberal economic policies. In 1795 the National Convention abolished many economic controls, let prices rise sharply, and severely restricted the local political organizations through which the sans-culottes exerted their strength. In the same year, members of the National Convention wrote a new constitution to guarantee their economic position and political supremacy. To prevent a new Robespierre from monopolizing power, the constitution granted executive power to a five-man body, called the Directory.
Ch. 9 Pg. 333 - P,S
The Directory
A: To prevent a new Robespierre from monopolizing power, the constitution granted executive power to a five-man body, called the Directory.
B: The Directory continued to support French military expansion abroad. War was no longer so much a crusade as a response to economic problems. The French people quickly grew weary of the corruption and ineffectiveness that characterized the Directory. This general dissatisfaction revealed itself clearly in the national elections of 1797, which returned a large number of conservative and even monarchist deputies who favored peace at almost any price. Two years later Napoleon Bonaparte ended the Directory in a coup d’état (koo day-TAH; violent overthrow of government by a small number of people) and substituted a strong dictatorship for a weak one.
Ch. 9 Pg. 335 - P,S,E
Napoleon Bonaparte
A: Born in Corsica into an impoverished noble family in 1769, Napoleon left home and became a lieutenant in the French artillery in 1785. Converted to the revolutionary cause and rising rapidly in the republican army
B: Main Three: 1) Napoleon was named first consul of the republic, and a new constitution consolidating his position was overwhelmingly approved by a nationwide vote in December 1799. Republican appearances were maintained, but Napoleon became the real ruler of France.
2) Napoleon Bonaparte ended the Directory in a coup d’état (a violent overthrow of government by a small number of people) and substituted a strong dictatorship for a weak one.
3) The Grand Empire
On November 9, 1799, Napoleon and his conspirators ousted the Directors, and the following day soldiers disbanded the legislature at bayonet point. Napoleonic Code: French civil code promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789 principles of the equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property, as well as restricting rights accorded to women by previous revolutionary laws. (Ch. 9) Napoleon won over peasants by defending the gains in land and status they had won during the Revolution. Napoleon and the leading bankers of Paris established the privately owned Bank of France in 1800. In 1800 and again in 1802 Napoleon granted amnesty to one hundred thousand émigrés on the condition that they return to France and take a loyalty oath. At the same time, Napoleon consolidated his rule by recruiting disillusioned revolutionaries to form a network of ministers, prefects, and centrally appointed mayors.
Ch. 9 Pg. 334 - P,S
Coup d’etat
A: Napoleon Bonaparte ended the Directory in a coup d’état (koo day-TAH; violent overthrow of government by a small number of people) and substituted a strong dictatorship for a weak one.
B: Was the beginning of Napoleon’s rise to power
