Unit 3 (litle ch.5) Ch.6 Check #2 Flashcards
R,I - Ch.5 Pg. 208
Nicolaus Copernicus
A: Copernicus studied astronomy, medicine, and church law at the famed universities of Cracow, Bologna, Padua, and Ferrara before taking up a church position in Prussia. Copernicus came to believe that Ptolemy’s cumbersome rules detracted from the majesty of a perfect creator. He preferred an idea espoused by some ancient Greek scholars: that the sun, rather than the earth, was at the center of the universe. Without questioning the Aristotelian belief in crystal spheres or the idea that circular motion was divine, Copernicus theorized that the stars and planets, including the earth, revolved around a fixed sun.
B:The Copernican hypothesis had enormous scientific and religious implications, many of which the conservative Copernicus did not anticipate.
I,S - Ch.5 Pg. 208
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.
A: In 1543, the year of his death Copernicus published his findings in On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.
B: The Copernican hypothesis had enormous scientific and religious implications, many of which the conservative Copernicus did not anticipate.
I,R,S - Ch. 6 Pg. 208
Copernican Hypothesis/Heliocentric
A: - The idea that the sun, not the earth, is the center of the universe. (Ch. 6)
B: -The first great departure from the medieval system
- The Copernican hypothesis had enormous scientific and religious implications
- The stars nightly movement simply a result of the earth’s rotation
- Second, Copernicus’s theory suggested a universe of staggering size
- Second, Copernicus’s theory suggested a universe of staggering size
- Third, by using mathematics, instead of philosophy, to justify his theories, Copernicus challenged the traditional hierarchy of the disciplines.
-Finally, by characterizing the earth as just another planet, Copernicus destroyed the basic idea of Aristotelian physics — that the earthly sphere was quite different from the heavenly one. Where then were Heaven and the throne of God?
-A few Protestant scholars became avid Copernicans, while others accepted some elements of his criticism of Ptolemy but firmly rejected the notion that the earth moved, a doctrine that contradicted the literal reading of some passages of the Bible.
- Catholic Church had never insisted on literal interpretations of the Bible, it did not officially declare the Copernican hypothesis false until provoked by the publications of Galileo Galilei in 1616
I,S - Ch.5 Pg. 161
Scientific Revolution
A: A wave of scientific discovery and questioning that lead to revolutionary advancements in scientific
- 16th century mostly had an interest in better understanding of the natural world, and how it connects with spirituality
-17th century found precise knowledge about the natural world
- 18th century was more focused on philosophy and social science/the study of society
-18th cen start of the “enlightenment” movement they sought to end prejudice, outmoded traditions, and ignorance, challenging traditional values.
B: -16 cen Creation of the scientific method, people of many classes gained an interest in science, Astronomy and anatomy were revolutionized
-17 cen fundamentally new ways of understanding the natural world emerged
- 18th cen members of the enlightenment movement created concepts of human rights, equality, universalism, and tolerance. Some people went the opposite direction and used their new understanding of nature and reason to proclaim their own superiority, thus rationalizing such attitudes as racism and sexism.
I,S - Ch.6 Pg. 209
Tycho Brahe
A: -Dutch astronomer
-He agreed with the Copernican Theory
B: - Brahe established himself as Europe’s leading astronomer with his detailed observations of a new star that appeared suddenly in 1572 and shone very brightly for almost two years
- The new star, which was actually a distant exploding star, challenged the idea that the heavenly spheres were unchanging and therefore perfect.
-Impressed by his work, the king of Denmark provided funds for Brahe to build the most sophisticated observatory of his day.
-Created new
- For twenty years Brahe and his assistants observed the stars and planets with the naked eye in order to create new and improved tables of planetary motion, dubbed the Rudolphine Tables in honor of his patron
- Brahe believed that all the planets except the earth revolved around the sun and that the entire group of sun and planets revolved in turn around the earth-moon system
- Brahe’s assistant re-ex amend Brahe’s work and determined, it wasn’t factual. Kepler used Brahe’s data to develop three revolutionary laws of planetary motion
I,S - Ch.6 Pg. 209
Johannes Kepler
A: He was Brahe’s assistant. He re-ex amend Brahe’s work and determined, it wasn’t factual. Kepler used Brahe’s data to develop three revolutionary laws of planetary motion
B: -First he demonstrated that the orbits of the planets around the sun are elliptical rather than circular.
-Second, he demonstrated that the planets do not move at a uniform speed in their orbits.
- Finally, Kepler’s third law stated that the time a planet takes to make its complete orbit is precisely related to its distance from the sun.
I,S - Ch.5 Pg. 209
Galileo Galilei
A: A Florentine astronomer who revolutionized understanding of th
B: -He showed that a uniform force produced a uniform acceleration
-Proposed the concept of inertia, which is the idea that an object in motion will remain in motion unless acted upon by an external force; essentially laying the groundwork for what later became known as Newton’s First Law of Motion.
-Used a telescope to discover the irregularity of the moon’s surface, Galileo disproved a central tenet of medieval cosmography: that the heavens were composed of perfect, unblemished spheres essentially different from the base matter of earth.
I,S - Ch.6 Pg. 210
Isaac Newton
A: English scientist who united the experimental and theoretical-mathematical sides of modern science.
B: -Developed the law of universal gravitation: Newton’s law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects’ quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. (Ch. 6)
-Created the Principia Mathematica a single explanatory system that could integrate the astronomy of Copernicus, as corrected by Kepler’s laws, with the physics of Galileo and his predecessors.
I,S -Ch.6 Pg. 2011
Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy)
A: Newton wrote the Principia Mathematica a single explanatory system that could integrate newton’s laws with the astronomy of Copernicus, as corrected by Kepler’s laws, with the physics of Galileo and his predecessors.
B: The Principia Mathematica used mathematical laws to decisively explain motion and mechanics
I,S - Ch.6 Pg. 212
Francis Bacon
A: English politician, scientist, experimentalist, and writer Francis Bacon
B: -Bacon called for a new approach to investigating scientific inquiry based on direct observation called “inductive reasoning”
-Bacon’s work, and his prestige as lord chancellor under James I, led to the widespread adoption of what was called “experimental philosophy” in Britain after his death.
-In 1660 followers of Bacon created the Royal Society which met weekly to conduct experiments and discuss the latest findings of scholars across Europe
.S,I - Ch.6 Pg. 213
René Descartes
A: -In 1619, as a twenty-three-year-old soldier serving in the Thirty Years’ War, the French philosopher René Descartes had a vision he saw that there was a perfect correspondence between geometry and algebra and that geometrical spatial figures could be expressed as algebraic equations and vice versa.
-Descartes investigated the basic nature of matter
-Belived in something he called “first principles.” When experiments proved that sensory impressions could be wrong, Descartes decided it was necessary to doubt them, and to then use deductive reasoning from “self-evident truths”
B: -Descartes’s discovery of analytic geometry provided scientists with an important new tool.
I,S - Ch.6 Pg. 214
Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564)
A: -Experimentalist, Flemish physician
-Studied anatomy by dissecting human bodies, often those of executed criminals.
-In 1543 Vesalius issued his masterpiece, “On the Structure of the Human Body.” A 200 page book of precise drawings of human anatomy
B: Vesalius’s masterpiece, “On the Structure of the Human Body” revolutionized the understanding of human anatomy, disproving Galen
