Unit 3 Ch.5 Check #1 Flashcards

Question

P,S,E,R - Ch.5 Pg. 183 Romanovs

Answer 1

A: The Romanov dynasty ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917, and during the late 1600s and early 1700s, they were consolidating their power and expanding Russia's influence. B: By the early 1700s, the Romanov family—specifically Peter the Great—was transforming Russia into a powerful, modern state through military, cultural, and territorial reforms. Peter’s reign marked the beginning of Russia's rise as a major European power.

Answer 2

A: -Heir to the Romanovs, Peter the Great (r. 1682–1725) -Peter built on the service obligations of Ivan the Terrible and his successors and continued their tradition of territorial expansion. -He was determined to gain access to the sea for his virtually landlocked state, by extending Russia’s borders first to the Black Sea (controlled by the Ottomans) and then to the Baltic Sea (dominated by Sweden). -In 1697 the tsar embarked on an eighteen-month tour of western European capitals -Peter was fascinated by foreign technology -Convinced more than a hundred foreign experts to return with him to Russia to help build the navy and improve Russian infrastructure -To gain access to the Baltic Sea (which was controlled by Sweden at the time), Peter allied with Denmark and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to wage a sudden war of aggression against Sweden in the long and brutal Great Northern War, 1700 -1721. -Eighteen-year-old Charles XII of Sweden was incredibly underestimated by Peter and his other enemies, this gave him the upper hand. His army took out Denmark early on in 1700. Then Charles XII's army attacked Russians who were besieging the Swedish fortress of Narva on the Baltic coast -After his victory at Poltava, Peter channeled enormous resources into building a new Western-style capital on the Baltic. St. Parkersburg B: -Successfully created the Russian fiscal-military state. -Peter moved toward the first goal by conquering the Ottoman fort of Azov near the Black Sea in 1696, and quickly built Russia’s first navy base Peter responded to this defeat with new measures to increase state power, strengthen his military forces, and gain victory: -He required all nobles to serve in the army or in the civil administration for life. -Created schools of navigation and mathematics, medicine, engineering, and finance to produce skilled technicians and experts. -He established an interlocking military-civilian bureaucracy with fourteen ranks, and he decreed that everyone had to start at the bottom and work toward the top. -He added an additional hundred thousand men in special regiments of Cossacks and foreign mercenaries. -To fund the army, taxes on peasants increased threefold during Peter’s reign. Serfs were also arbitrarily assigned to work in the growing number of factories and mines that supplied the military. -In 1709 Peter’s new war machine was able to crush the much smaller army of Sweden in Ukraine at Poltava, one of the most significant battles in Russian history. Russia’s victory against Sweden was conclusive in 1721, and Estonia and present-day Latvia came under Russian rule. -For Peter, modernization meant westernization, and he encouraged the spread of Western culture along with technology and urban planning. Peter required nobles to shave their heavy beards and wear Western clothing, previously banned in Russia. From these efforts a new elite class of Western-oriented Russians began to emerge. -For nobles, one of Peter’s most detested reforms was the imposition of unigeniture — inheritance of land by one son alone — cutting daughters and other sons from family property -For peasants, the reign of the tsar saw a significant increase in the bonds of serfdom.

Answer 3

A: After his victory at Poltava, Peter channeled enormous resources into building a new Western-style capital on the Baltic. B: The building of St. Petersburg was, in truth, an enormous direct tax levied on the wealthy, with the peasantry forced to do the work. -Each summer, 25,000 to 40,000 peasants were sent to provide construction labor in St. Petersburg without pay. Many of these laborers died from hunger, sickness, and accidents. -To populate his new capital, Peter ordered nobles to build costly palaces in St. Petersburg and required merchants and artisans to settle in the new capital.

Answer 4

A: The Ottomans came out of Central Asia as conquering warriors, settled in Anatolia (present-day Turkey), and, at their peak in the mid-sixteenth century, ruled one of the most powerful empires in the world. Their possessions stretched from western Persia across North Africa and into the heart of central Europe (Map 5.5). B: -Unique Structure: The Ottoman Empire had no hereditary nobility. Most land was the sultan’s personal property, and peasants paid taxes to use it. -Bureaucracy: The highest ranks were filled by enslaved men taken from Christian populations in the Balkans. -Recruitment: Because Muslim Law prohibited the enslavement of there Muslims male Children were "taxed" from conquered Christian communities and raised as Muslims, trained as soldiers and government officials. -Janissaries: The less fortunate among these youths became the janissary corps, the elite army of the sultan. -Army and Bureaucracy: The janissaries gave the Ottomans a major advantage in warfare, especially against Western European powers. Religious Tolerance: Although the Ottomans sought to conquore and spread Muslim religion and culture, they still practiced tolerance by dividing their empire into religious communities (millets), each with its own autonomy:

Answer 5

A: The ruler of the Ottoman Empire; he owned all the agricultural land of the empire and was served by an army and bureaucracy composed of highly trained enslaved people. (Ch. 5) -The Ottoman sultan claimed to be the leader of all Muslims, and the empire waged war in the name of Islam. Palaces: Old Palace: For the sultan’s female family members, kept under the care of eunuchs (castrated men). Topkapi Palace: Where officials worked and enslaved youths were trained. B: Family Practices: -Sultans married high-ranking women but kept many concubines of low status. -To prevent the elite families into which they married from acquiring influence over the government, sultans had children only with their concubines and not with official wives. -Only one male heir per concubine, and sons were sent to govern provinces with their mother. These practices were intended to stabilize power and prevent a recurrence of the civil wars of the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries.

Answer 6

Context: Because Muslim Law prohibited the enslavement of there Muslims male Children were "taxed" from conquered Christian communities and raised as Muslims, trained as soldiers and government officials. A: The less fortunate among these youths became the janissary corps, the elite army of the sultan. B: The janissaries gave the Ottomans a major advantage in warfare, especially against Western European powers. - By the first half of the seventeenth century, service in the janissary corps had become so prestigious that the sultan ceased recruitment by force, and it became a volunteer army open to Christians and Muslims.

Answer 7

A: Although the Ottomans sought to conquore and spread Muslim religion and culture, they still practiced tolerance by dividing their empire into religious communities called Millets, each with its own autonomy -Recognized groups included Orthodox Christians, Jews, and Armenian Christians. B: Each millet handled taxes, law courts, schools, and healthcare for its own community.

Answer 8

A: A small minority of states adopted a different path placing sovereignty in the hands of privileged groups rather than the Crown, a form of government historians refer to as “constitutionalism.” Constitutionalism is the limitation of government by law, implying a balance between the authority and power of the government, on the one hand, and the rights and liberties of the subjects. B: In England, disputes between the monarch and various elite groups over royal claims to power led to a civil war and ultimately to a constitutional monarchy in which the rights of elites were protected, while in the Netherlands, the Dutch established a republic that saw amazing commercial prosperity.

Answer 9

A: Constitutionalism could take the form of republicanism, a form of government in which there is no monarch and power rests in the hands of the people as exercised through elected representatives. B: The Protectorate collapsed when Cromwell died in 1658 and his ineffectual son succeeded him. Fed up with military rule, the English longed for a return to civilian government and, with it, common law and social stability. By 1660 they were ready to abandon their experiment with republicanism.

Answer 10

A: Son of James I of England B: -James I & Charles I viewed legislative constraints as a threat to their divine-right rule. -Avoided Parliament from 1629-1640, relying on illegal levies. -Thirty Years' War expenses heightened tensions with Parliament. -Charels had conflict with Puritns, The Irish (rebilian against English governors and landlords had long exploited the people), Scottish (Scottish Calvinists revolted against his religious policies) Puritans wanted to purify the Anglican Church from Catholic influences. -Caused the English Civil War (1642–1649) - Found guilty of high treason and executed on January 30, 1649. -Charles I further antagonized by marrying a French Catholic princess and supporting Archbishop Laud’s policies. -Economic distress from plague and the Little Ice Age worsened the situation.

Answer 11

A: After King Charles I left London to raise an army in the north to stifle the uprising in Scotland and Ireland. In response to Charles leaving to raise an army, parliament (who were on the side of the rebellion because of their shared hatred for Charels I) raised an army of their own. B: Sympathy with the Scots: When the Scottish Calvinists revolted against Charles I's religious policies in the 1630s, Parliament supported the Scots, as they shared a common Protestant, anti-Catholic stance. Parliament viewed the situation in Ireland as partly a consequence of the king's oppressive policies, and many in Sympathy with the Irish: Parliament sympathized with the Irish's resistance to English rule, though they were more focused on the internal conflict with Charles

Answer 12

A: -King’s forces vs. Parliament’s army. -Parliament victories at Battles of Naseby and Langport in 1645. -Oliver Cromwell a member of the House of Commons, and devout Puritan leader of Parliament’s army, captured Charles in 1648 and dismissed anti-Cromwell Members of Parliament -Executed Charles for high treason B: With the execution of Charles, kingship was abolished.

Answer 13

A: A pessimistic philosopher who believed that without a strong, central authority, humans would act out of self-interest, leading to chaos and violent competition for resources and power (what he famously called the "state of nature"). The only solution, as he outlined in his 1651 treatise Leviathan, was a social contract in which all members of society placed themselves under the absolute rule of the sovereign, who would maintain peace and order. B: Created his philosophy of gov after the execution of King Charles I. However his ideas were not shared by most of England.

Answer 14

A: The only solution, as he outlined in his 1651 treatise Leviathan, was a social contract in which all members of society placed themselves under the absolute rule of the sovereign, who would maintain peace and order. B: Hobbes believed that society could not, having accepted the contract, rise up against its king.

Answer 15

A: The English military dictatorship (1653–1658) established by Oliver Cromwell following the execution of Charles I. (Ch. 5) B: The Protectorate collapsed when Cromwell died in 1658 and his ineffectual son succeeded him. Fed up with military rule, the English longed for a return to civilian government and, with it, common law and social stability. By 1660 they were ready to abandon their experiment with republicanism.

Answer 16

A: The Restoration of 1660 brought to the throne Charles II (r. 1660–1685), eldest son of Charles I, who had been living on the continent. Both houses of Parliament were also restored, together with the established Anglican Church. B: The Restoration failed to resolve two serious problems, however. What was to be the attitude of the state toward Puritans, Catholics, and dissenters from the established church? And what was to be the relationship between the king and Parliament?

Answer 17

A: After James II violated the Test Act, James II (r. 1685–1688) appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army, the universities, and local government. He also supported the opening of new Catholic churches and schools. A powerful coalition of eminent persons in Parliament and the Church of England, wrote to James’s Protestant daughter Mary and William asking them to restore English liberties by taking the throne of England. B: In November 1688 William arrived on the English coast with five hundred ships and over twenty thousand soldiers. Early in 1689 William and Mary were jointly crowned as king and queen of England.

Answer 18

A: The English call the events of 1688 (William arrived on the English coast) and 1689 (William and Mary were crowned as king and queen of England) the Glorious Revolution because they believe it replaced one king with another with barely any bloodshed. B: -In truth, William’s arrival sparked revolutionary riots and violence between pro W+M and pro James (called Jacobites) across the British Isles and in North American cities such as Boston and New York and Scotland. In Ireland, the two sides waged outright war from 1689 to 1691. But William’s victory at the Battle of the Boyne (1690) and the subsequent Treaty of Limerick (1691) sealed his accession to power. -In England, the Glorious Revolution represented the final destruction of the idea of divine-right monarchy.

Answer 19

A: Political philosopher John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government (1690). The concept of a constitutional monarchy responsible to representatives of the people. B: Locke (1632–1704) maintained that a government that oversteps its proper function — protecting the natural rights of life, liberty, and property — becomes a tyranny. Under a tyrannical government, the people have the natural right to rebellion.