Unit 3 Ch.5 Check #1 Flashcards
R,P,E,S - Ch 5 Pg. 167
Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648)
A: Began with a conflict in Bohemia between the Catholic League
- Was between the Holy Roman Empire (primarily the Habsburg dynasty) representing the Catholic side, against a coalition of Protestant powers including the German Protestant princes, Denmark, Sweden, and later, France
B: Harsh economic conditions caused by the “mini ice age” were greatly exacerbated by the decades-long conflict known as the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648), the first military conflict on a European scale.
R,S,P,E - Ch. 5 Pg.168
The 1648 Peace of Westphalia
A: The 1648 Peace of Westphalia that ended the Thirty Years’ War.
B: The Augsburg agreement of 1555 became permanent, adding Calvinism to Catholicism and Lutheranism as legally legit religions.
-The United Provinces of the Netherlands, known as the Dutch Republic, won official freedom from Spain.
- Recognized the independent authority of more than three hundred German princes (Map 5.1),
- Reconfirming the emperor’s severely limited authority.
P,S - Ch. 5 Pg. 169
Sovereign State
A: -The state has the power to make and enforce its own laws. It’s the only one allowed to decide what is right and wrong within its borders, and no one else can create their own legal system.
-The state is the only one allowed to use force or violence,
-The state’s power is limited to a specific area
B: In a sovereign state, no system of courts, such as church tribunals, competes with state courts in the dispensation of justice; and private armies present no threat to central authority.
R,I,S - Ch. 5 Pg. 170
Baroque Style
A: Used drama, motion, and emotion and drew inspiration from Biblical texts
B: Often inspired by religious texts, Baroque art was designed to bring
appeal and intrigue to Catholicism, but Protestants also created Baroque Art
R,I,S - Ch. 5 Pg. 170
Peter Paul Rubens
A: Studying in his native Flanders and in Italy, where he was influenced by masters of the High Renaissance such as Michelangelo and Rubens
-His style was rich, sensuous, and colorful. Characterized by animated figures, melodramatic contrasts, and monumental size.
B: The most outstanding and most representative of baroque painters.
P,I,S - Ch.5 Pg. 171
Henry IV of France
A: -Poletique
-Willing to sacrifice religious principles to political necessity
-Was Catholic on paper (historians believe he was Calvinist)
-Issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598
- Assassinated by a Catholic fanatic who was angered by Henry IV’s support of protestants
B: - The Edict of Nantes allowed Huguenots to publicly worship in 150 fortified towns,
-The Edict of Nantes did not protect Calvinists, this is one of the #1 causes of the 30 year war
P,S,R,E,N - Ch.5 Pg. 171
Louis XIII of France
A: -r.1610-1643
-Became king at age nine after his father Henry IV was assassinated
-Ruled France during the final stage of the 30 years war
- Often described as reserved and lacking strong political initiative (easy to puppeteer)
-Relied heavily on advisors like Richelieu to guide his decisions.
-He and his chief minster Cardinal Richelieu offerd Financial Support to Sweden (King Gustavus Adolphus)
B: Under influence of his chief minister Cardinal Richelieu he worked to increase royal power by suppressing rebellions from the nobility and limiting the power of the Huguenots (French Protestants)
-Consolidation of power:
Through Richelieu’s policies, Louis XIII significantly increased the authority of the French monarchy, reducing the influence of regional powers and strengthening the central government.
- Wars and foreign policy:
Under Richelieu’s direction, France became involved in the Thirty Years’ War, primarily aimed at weakening the Habsburg dynasty.
-Legacy:
Despite his reliance on Richelieu, Louis XIII is credited with laying the foundation for the powerful French monarchy that would be further solidified by his son, Louis XIV.
P,S,R,E - Ch.5 Pg. 167
Cardinal Richelieu
A: - French clergyman and statesman
-Served as the chief minister to King Louis XIII of France from 1624 until his death in 1642
- His Goal was to make France Europe’s greatest power
B: Influenced King Louise to increase royal power by suppressing rebellions from the nobility and limiting the power of the Huguenots (French Protestants)
-Consolidation of power:
Through Richelieu’s policies created policies that increased the authority of the French monarchy, reducing the influence of regional powers and strengthening the central government.
- Wars and foreign policy:
Directed King Louise to become involved in the Thirty Years’ War, primarily aimed at weakening the Habsburg dynasty.
S,P,E - Ch. 5 Pg. 172
The Fronde
A: 1648 to 1653. A series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and increased taxation.
B: After much of the rebellion died down the French people were desperate for peace and stability, so when Louis XIV was made King they were willing to accept a strong monarch who could restore order.
S,P,E,R,N - Ch.5 Pg. 172
King Louis XIV of France r.1643-1715 (Also known as “The Sun King”)
A: -Louis based his authority on the divine right of kings, but Louis also recognized that kings could not simply do as they pleased
- Refused to delegate power to a first minister
-Restricted power of nobles by
-He ruled his realm through several councils of state and insisted on taking a personal role in their decisions
-To limit political power of nobles Louis XIV: never called a meeting of the Estates General (traditional French representative assembly composed of clergy, nobility, and commoners) The nobility, therefore, had no means of united expression or action. He also chose his ministers from capable men of modest origins.
-Imposed religious unity on France, which he viewed as essential to the security of the state.
-In 1685 Louis revoked the Edict of Nantes
-Imposed a new law the Edict of Fontainebleau. The law ordered the Catholic baptism of Huguenots (French Calvinists), the destruction of Huguenot churches, the closing of schools, and the exile of Huguenot pastors who refused to renounce their faith.
-patron of the arts
-Waged many forgiven wars: While Louis XIV’s wars were initially successful in terms of territorial expansion. The constant warfare drained the French treasury, caused widespread destruction, and led to high taxes. All of which were defused by his Controller General Jean-Baptiste Colbert, but he died before Louis’s rule was over, Louis then screwed over his people and his economy.
-An exhausted France hovered on the brink of bankruptcy.
B: In the reign of Louis XIV (r. 1643–1715), France overcame weakness and division to become the most powerful nation in western Europe.
P,I,E - Ch.5 Pg. 172
Versailles
A: -Located near Paris
-A modest hunting lodge turned into a grand palace by Louis XIV
- Louis XIV spent decades enlarging and decorating the structure with the help of architect Louis Le Vau and gardener André Le Nôtre.
- In 1682, the new palace became the official residence of the Sun King and his court and an inspiration to absolutist palace builders across Europe.
-He required all great nobles to spend at least part of the year in attendance on him there, so he could keep an eye on their activities.
-Louis further revolutionized court life by establishing an elaborate set of etiquette rituals to mark every moment of his day, from waking up and dressing in the morning to removing his clothing and retiring at night. It was an honor for to participate in these ceremonies
- Louis XIV was also an enthusiastic patron of the arts, commissioning many sculptures and paintings for Versailles as well as performances of dance and music.
B: Participating in these ceremonies meant further access to him meaning favored treatment for: government offices, military and religious posts, state pensions, honorary titles, etc. Louis XIV used a system where powerful nobles at court gave protection and support to weaker nobles in exchange for their loyalty and service. This system spread from the royal court to other parts of the country. By doing this, Louis was able to get the support and cooperation of the most powerful nobles.
N,P,S,E - Ch.5 Pg. 176
The Peace of Utrecht
A: -The Peace of Utrecht (1713), which ended the war, allowed Louis’s grandson Philip to remain king of Spain on the understanding that the French and Spanish Crowns would never be united in order to protect the “balance of power” in Europe.
- France surrendered Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and the Hudson Bay territory to England which also acquired Gibraltar, Minorca, and control of the African slave trade from Spain
B: A series of treaties, from 1713 to 1715, that ended the War of the Spanish Succession, ended French expansion in Europe, and marked the rise of the British Empire.
P,E - Ch.5 Pg. 176-177
Controller General Jean-Baptiste Colbert (served as Controller General from 1665 to his death in 1683)
A: Louis XIV relied on a strong economy to build armies and fight wars, and his financial expert, Jean-Baptiste Colbert. He was considered to be a financial and administrative genius.
-Colbert believed that France’s wealth should serve the state and applied mercantilist policies to strengthen the economy.
- Mercantilism focused on increasing exports and accumulating gold and silver, which would make the country more powerful
- Colbert boosted France’s economy by supporting existing industries, especially textiles, and creating new ones.
- He improved quality standards, reduced tariffs on French goods, and raised tariffs on foreign products to encourage people to buy French-made goods.
B: -Thanks to Colbert, France could fund wars without increasing taxes or creating more government positions. However, after his death, constant warfare eventually weakened many of the economic gains he had made.
E,P - Ch.5 Pg. 176
Mercantilism
A: Mercantilism focused on increasing exports and accumulating gold and silver
B: A system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state based on the belief that a nation’s international power was based on its wealth.
S,I,P - Ch.5 Pg. 174
Molière
A: - French playwright, actor, and director; Molière loved to creat comedies
-Well liked by King Louis XIV who’s patronage allowed this troupe to establish in a permanent theatre in Paris.
- His plays compose a portrait of all levels of 17th-century French society and are marked by their good-humored and intelligent mockery of human vices, vanities, and follies. He especially loved to mock the précieuses (intelligent aristocratic ladies who wrote literature and held receptions)
B: He is considered the greatest French dramatist and the father of modern French comedy.
P,E,R,S - Ch.5 Pg. 179
The Hohenzollern family/dynasty
A: The Hohenzollern family was a prominent European dynasty that played a major role in the history of Germany, Prussia, and parts of Eastern Europe.
B: -The Hohenzollerns in Brandenburg (1417):
The family first gained significant power when Frederick of Hohenzollern became the Elector of Brandenburg in 1417. This position gave the family influence in the Holy Roman Empire, and they eventually expanded their territories.
-Prussia and Expansion:
The Hohenzollerns’ power grew when they acquired the region of Prussia in the 16th century. The family’s control over Prussia, combined with their holdings in Brandenburg, led to the formation of the Brandenburg-Prussia state.
-Electoral to Royal Power:
In 1701, Frederick III of Brandenburg declared himself Frederick I, King in Prussia, establishing the kingdom of Prussia and marking the family’s rise from elector status to royal power.
P,E,S - Ch.5 Pg. 179
Frederick William, the Great Elector
A: - Frederick William, Great Elector of the Hohenzollern family was passed down the title of Elector. The title meant he was one of seven princes or archbishops entitled to elect the Holy Roman emperor, but the electors had little real power.
-Frederick William was focused on bringing together his three regions and expanding his land. These regions included Brandenburg, Prussia (which he inherited in 1618), and various territories along the Rhine (which he inherited in 1614).
Frederick William used ongoing European wars and the Swedish threat to argue for a permanent standing army.
-In 1660, he persuaded the Junkers (nobles) to accept taxation without consent to fund the army, in exchange for reconfirmation of their privileges, including authority over serfs.
-After winning the Junkers’ support, Frederick William crushed opposition from the towns.
Prussian cities were removed from the estates and subjected to new taxes on goods and services.
As a result, the estates’ power declined, while the king gained financial independence and a stronger military.
-During his reign, Frederick William tripled state revenue and greatly expanded the army.
-By 1688, with a population of 1 million, the army numbered 30,000 in peacetime.
-In 1701, Frederick William’s son, Frederick I, crowned himself king in Prussia (with permission from the Holy Roman Emperor) after helping the Habsburgs in the War of the Spanish Succession. He retained his title as elector of Brandenburg.
B: The nobility of Brandenburg and Prussia, who were reluctant allies of Frederick William in his consolidation of the Prussian state. (Ch. 5)
P,E,S - Ch.5 Pg. 179
The Junkers
A: The Junkers were nobility and the landowning classes that dominated the estates of Brandenburg and Prussia
-In 1660 Frederick William persuaded Junkers in the estates to accept taxation without consent in order to fund an army. They agreed to do so in exchange for reconfirmation of their own privileges, including authority over the serfs.
B: -Prussian cities were removed from the estates and subjected to new taxes on goods and services.
-As a result, the estates’ power declined, while the king gained financial independence and a stronger military.
P,S - Ch.5 Pg. 180
Frederick William I, the Soldiers’ King
A: Son of Frederick William, the Great Elector
- Aided the Habsburgs during the War of the Spanish Succession
B:In 1701 the elector’s son, Frederick I, in return for aiding the Habsburgs during the War of the Spanish Succession, received permission from the Holy Roman emperor to crown himself king in Prussia (not king of Prussia, which would have threatened the supremacy of the emperor); he retained the title of elector of Brandenburg.
P,S,E - Ch.5 Pg. 181
Ivan III “Ivan the Great,”
A: Context The Mongols showed favor to the princes of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. The wealth and power they accrued from Mongol patronage allowed the prince of Moscow to surpass rival local rulers.
-They forced weaker Slavic principalities to render tribute and borrowed Mongol institutions such as the tax system, postal routes, and census.
-Loyalty from the highest-ranking nobles, or boyars, helped the Muscovite princes consolidate their power.
B: -Ivan the Great, successfully expanded the principality of Moscow westward toward the Baltic Sea and eastward to the Ural Mountains and the Siberian frontier (see Map 5.4).
-By 1480 Ivan III was strong enough to declare the autonomy of Moscow.
-By the time of Ivan’s death, a system of autocracy was already well developed in Muscovy.
-The Russian tsar thus fulfilled claims to absolute power to a much greater extent than western European monarchs
P,S,E - Ch.5 Pg. 181
Boyars
A: The highest-ranking members of the Russian nobility.
B: Helped the Muscovite princes consolidate their power.
P,S,R,E - Ch.5 Pg. 181-182
Ivan IV “Ivan the Terrible,”
A: -Came to the throne at 3 years old
-His mother died when he was eight, leaving Ivan to suffer insults and neglect from the boyars at court.
-At age sixteen Ivan pushed aside his advisers and had crowned himself “tsar of all Russia” in 1547
-After the sudden death of his wife, Ivan began a campaign of persecution against those he suspected of opposing him
–To replace boyars families, Ivan created a new service nobility of several thousand men whom he rewarded with land to ensure their loyalty.
—As surfs began to flee Ivan responded by tying peasants ever more firmly to the land
-Simultaneously, so that he could tax them more heavily, he ordered that urban dwellers be bound to their towns and jobs.
B: -Developments in Russia took a chaotic turn with the reign of Ivan IV
-the first Muscovite ruler to claim the title of tsar (the Russian term for the Roman and Byzantine caesars)
-He executed members of leading boyar families, along with their families, friends, and servants.
-Restrictions checked the growth of the Russian middle classes and stood in sharp contrast to economic and social developments in western Europe.
-Ivan’s reign was successful in defeating the remnants of Mongol power and in laying the foundations for the huge, multiethnic Russian Empire. In the 1550s, Ivan conquered the Muslim khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan and brought the fertile steppe region around the Volga River under Russian control
-His bid to secure control of Livonia, as a means of gaining access to the Baltic Sea, led to war with Sweden and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. These conflicts encouraged Lithuania to formalize its ties to Poland with the Union of Lublin in 1569.
-After Ivan’s death, Russia entered a chaotic period known as the Time of Troubles (1598–1613),
P,S,R - Ch.5 Pg.181-182
Cossacks
A: As landlords demanded more from the serfs who survived the persecutions, growing numbers of peasants fled toward recently conquered territories to the east and south. There they joined free groups and warrior bands known as Cossacks.
B: -In the 1580s Cossacks fighting for the Russian state crossed the Ural Mountains and began the long conquest of Siberia.
-Political and social crisis led to civil war and an uprising of Cossacks and other groups supporting various contenders for the throne.
P,S,E - Ch.5 Pg. 182
Time of Troubles
A: Following Ivan’s death, Russia entered a chaotic period known as the Time of Troubles (1598–1613),
-Triggered by a breakdown in dynastic succession and a severe famine, in which up to one-third of the population perished.
B: -Political and social crisis led to civil war and an uprising of Cossacks and other groups supporting various contenders for the throne.
-This breakdown in order allowed Polish-Lithuanian armies to occupy Moscow between 1610 and 1612.
-These threats brought the fractious Russian nobles together.
P,S,E,R - Ch.5 Pg. 183
Romanovs
A: The Romanov dynasty ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917, and during the late 1600s and early 1700s, they were consolidating their power and expanding Russia’s influence.
B: By the early 1700s, the Romanov family—specifically Peter the Great—was transforming Russia into a powerful, modern state through military, cultural, and territorial reforms. Peter’s reign marked the beginning of Russia’s rise as a major European power.
P,S,E - Ch.5 Pg. 183-185
Peter the Great (r. 1682–1725)
A: -Heir to the Romanovs, Peter the Great (r. 1682–1725)
-Peter built on the service obligations of Ivan the Terrible and his successors and continued their tradition of territorial expansion.
-He was determined to gain access to the sea for his virtually landlocked state, by extending Russia’s borders first to the Black Sea (controlled by the Ottomans) and then to the Baltic Sea (dominated by Sweden).
-In 1697 the tsar embarked on an eighteen-month tour of western European capitals
-Peter was fascinated by foreign technology
-Convinced more than a hundred foreign experts to return with him to Russia to help build the navy and improve Russian infrastructure
-To gain access to the Baltic Sea (which was controlled by Sweden at the time), Peter allied with Denmark and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to wage a sudden war of aggression against Sweden in the long and brutal Great Northern War, 1700 -1721.
-Eighteen-year-old Charles XII of Sweden was incredibly underestimated by Peter and his other enemies, this gave him the upper hand. His army took out Denmark early on in 1700. Then Charles XII’s army attacked Russians who were besieging the Swedish fortress of Narva on the Baltic coast
-After his victory at Poltava, Peter channeled enormous resources into building a new Western-style capital on the Baltic. St. Parkersburg
B: -Successfully created the Russian fiscal-military state.
-Peter moved toward the first goal by conquering the Ottoman fort of Azov near the Black Sea in 1696, and quickly built Russia’s first navy base
Peter responded to this defeat with new measures to increase state power, strengthen his military forces, and gain victory:
-He required all nobles to serve in the army or in the civil administration for life.
-Created schools of navigation and mathematics, medicine, engineering, and finance to produce skilled technicians and experts.
-He established an interlocking military-civilian bureaucracy with fourteen ranks, and he decreed that everyone had to start at the bottom and work toward the top.
-He added an additional hundred thousand men in special regiments of Cossacks and foreign mercenaries.
-To fund the army, taxes on peasants increased threefold during Peter’s reign. Serfs were also arbitrarily assigned to work in the growing number of factories and mines that supplied the military.
-In 1709 Peter’s new war machine was able to crush the much smaller army of Sweden in Ukraine at Poltava, one of the most significant battles in Russian history. Russia’s victory against Sweden was conclusive in 1721, and Estonia and present-day Latvia came under Russian rule.
-For Peter, modernization meant westernization, and he encouraged the spread of Western culture along with technology and urban planning. Peter required nobles to shave their heavy beards and wear Western clothing, previously banned in Russia. From these efforts a new elite class of Western-oriented Russians began to emerge.
-For nobles, one of Peter’s most detested reforms was the imposition of unigeniture — inheritance of land by one son alone — cutting daughters and other sons from family property
-For peasants, the reign of the tsar saw a significant increase in the bonds of serfdom.
P,S,I - Ch.5 Pg. 185
St. Petersburg
A: After his victory at Poltava, Peter channeled enormous resources into building a new Western-style capital on the Baltic.
B: The building of St. Petersburg was, in truth, an enormous direct tax levied on the wealthy, with the peasantry forced to do the work.
-Each summer, 25,000 to 40,000 peasants were sent to provide construction labor in St. Petersburg without pay. Many of these laborers died from hunger, sickness, and accidents.
-To populate his new capital, Peter ordered nobles to build costly palaces in St. Petersburg and required merchants and artisans to settle in the new capital.
P,S,R,E - Ch.5 Pg. 185
The Ottoman Empire
A: The Ottomans came out of Central Asia as conquering warriors, settled in Anatolia (present-day Turkey), and, at their peak in the mid-sixteenth century, ruled one of the most powerful empires in the world. Their possessions stretched from western Persia across North Africa and into the heart of central Europe (Map 5.5).
B: -Unique Structure: The Ottoman Empire had no hereditary nobility. Most land was the sultan’s personal property, and peasants paid taxes to use it.
-Bureaucracy: The highest ranks were filled by enslaved men taken from Christian populations in the Balkans.
-Recruitment: Because Muslim Law prohibited the enslavement of there Muslims male Children were “taxed” from conquered Christian communities and raised as Muslims, trained as soldiers and government officials.
-Janissaries: The less fortunate among these youths became the janissary corps, the elite army of the sultan.
-Army and Bureaucracy: The janissaries gave the Ottomans a major advantage in warfare, especially against Western European powers.
Religious Tolerance: Although the Ottomans sought to conquore and spread Muslim religion and culture, they still practiced tolerance by dividing their empire into religious communities (millets), each with its own autonomy:
P,S,R,E - Ch.5
Sultan
A: The ruler of the Ottoman Empire; he owned all the agricultural land of the empire and was served by an army and bureaucracy composed of highly trained enslaved people. (Ch. 5)
-The Ottoman sultan claimed to be the leader of all Muslims, and the empire waged war in the name of Islam.
Palaces:
Old Palace: For the sultan’s female family members, kept under the care of eunuchs (castrated men).
Topkapi Palace: Where officials worked and enslaved youths were trained.
B: Family Practices:
-Sultans married high-ranking women but kept many concubines of low status.
-To prevent the elite families into which they married from acquiring influence over the government, sultans had children only with their concubines and not with official wives.
-Only one male heir per concubine, and sons were sent to govern provinces with their mother. These practices were intended to stabilize power and prevent a recurrence of the civil wars of the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries.
P,S,E,R - Ch. 5 Pg. 185
Janissary Corps
Context: Because Muslim Law prohibited the enslavement of there Muslims male Children were “taxed” from conquered Christian communities and raised as Muslims, trained as soldiers and government officials.
A: The less fortunate among these youths became the janissary corps, the elite army of the sultan.
B: The janissaries gave the Ottomans a major advantage in warfare, especially against Western European powers.
- By the first half of the seventeenth century, service in the janissary corps had become so prestigious that the sultan ceased recruitment by force, and it became a volunteer army open to Christians and Muslims.
R,S,P,E - Ch.5 Pg. 186
Millet System
A: Although the Ottomans sought to conquore and spread Muslim religion and culture, they still practiced tolerance by dividing their empire into religious communities called Millets, each with its own autonomy
-Recognized groups included Orthodox Christians, Jews, and Armenian Christians.
B: Each millet handled taxes, law courts, schools, and healthcare for its own community.
S,P - Ch.5 Pg. 160,188
Constitutionalism
A: A small minority of states adopted a different path placing sovereignty in the hands of privileged groups rather than the Crown, a form of government historians refer to as “constitutionalism.” Constitutionalism is the limitation of government by law, implying a balance between the authority and power of the government, on the one hand, and the rights and liberties of the subjects.
B: In England, disputes between the monarch and various elite groups over royal claims to power led to a civil war and ultimately to a constitutional monarchy in which the rights of elites were protected, while in the Netherlands, the Dutch established a republic that saw amazing commercial prosperity.
P,S - Ch.5 Pg. 188,193
Republicanism
A: Constitutionalism could take the form of republicanism, a form of government in which there is no monarch and power rests in the hands of the people as exercised through elected representatives.
B: The Protectorate collapsed when Cromwell died in 1658 and his ineffectual son succeeded him. Fed up with military rule, the English longed for a return to civilian government and, with it, common law and social stability. By 1660 they were ready to abandon their experiment with republicanism.
R,P,S - Ch.5 Pg. 189-191
Charles I of England
A: Son of James I of England
B: -James I & Charles I viewed legislative constraints as a threat to their divine-right rule.
-Avoided Parliament from 1629-1640, relying on illegal levies.
-Thirty Years’ War expenses heightened tensions with Parliament.
-Charels had conflict with Puritns, The Irish (rebilian against English governors and landlords had long exploited the people), Scottish (Scottish Calvinists revolted against his religious policies) Puritans wanted to purify the Anglican Church from Catholic influences.
-Caused the English Civil War (1642–1649)
- Found guilty of high treason and executed on January 30, 1649.
-Charles I further antagonized by marrying a French Catholic princess and supporting Archbishop Laud’s policies.
-Economic distress from plague and the Little Ice Age worsened the situation.
R,P,S - Ch.5 Pg. 191
New Model Army
A: After King Charles I left London to raise an army in the north to stifle the uprising in Scotland and Ireland. In response to Charles leaving to raise an army, parliament (who were on the side of the rebellion because of their shared hatred for Charels I) raised an army of their own.
B: Sympathy with the Scots: When the Scottish Calvinists revolted against Charles I’s religious policies in the 1630s, Parliament supported the Scots, as they shared a common Protestant, anti-Catholic stance. Parliament viewed the situation in Ireland as partly a consequence of the king’s oppressive policies, and many in
Sympathy with the Irish: Parliament sympathized with the Irish’s resistance to English rule, though they were more focused on the internal conflict with Charles
R,P,S - Ch.5 Pg. 191
English Civil War (1642–1649)
A: -King’s forces vs. Parliament’s army.
-Parliament victories at Battles of Naseby and Langport in 1645.
-Oliver Cromwell a member of the House of Commons, and devout Puritan leader of Parliament’s army, captured Charles in 1648 and dismissed anti-Cromwell Members of Parliament
-Executed Charles for high treason
B: With the execution of Charles, kingship was abolished.
S,P - Ch.5 Pg. 192
Thomas Hobbes
A: A pessimistic philosopher who believed that without a strong, central authority, humans would act out of self-interest, leading to chaos and violent competition for resources and power (what he famously called the “state of nature”). The only solution, as he outlined in his 1651 treatise Leviathan, was a social contract in which all members of society placed themselves under the absolute rule of the sovereign, who would maintain peace and order.
B: Created his philosophy of gov after the execution of King Charles I. However his ideas were not shared by most of England.
S,P - Ch.5 Pg. 192
Leviathan
A: The only solution, as he outlined in his 1651 treatise Leviathan, was a social contract in which all members of society placed themselves under the absolute rule of the sovereign, who would maintain peace and order.
B: Hobbes believed that society could not, having accepted the contract, rise up against its king.
S,P,R - Ch.5 Pg. 191-192
Protectorate
A: The English military dictatorship (1653–1658) established by Oliver Cromwell following the execution of Charles I. (Ch. 5)
B: The Protectorate collapsed when Cromwell died in 1658 and his ineffectual son succeeded him. Fed up with military rule, the English longed for a return to civilian government and, with it, common law and social stability. By 1660 they were ready to abandon their experiment with republicanism.
S,P,R - Ch.5 Pg. 193
The Restoration
A: The Restoration of 1660 brought to the throne Charles II (r. 1660–1685), eldest son of Charles I, who had been living on the continent. Both houses of Parliament were also restored, together with the established Anglican Church.
B: The Restoration failed to resolve two serious problems, however. What was to be the attitude of the state toward Puritans, Catholics, and dissenters from the established church? And what was to be the relationship between the king and Parliament?
R,P,S - Ch.5 Pg. 194
(Dutch) Prince William of Orange & Mary of England (Daughter of King James II)
A: After James II violated the Test Act, James II (r. 1685–1688) appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army, the universities, and local government. He also supported the opening of new Catholic churches and schools. A powerful coalition of eminent persons in Parliament and the Church of England, wrote to James’s Protestant daughter Mary and William asking them to restore English liberties by taking the throne of England.
B: In November 1688 William arrived on the English coast with five hundred ships and over twenty thousand soldiers. Early in 1689 William and Mary were jointly crowned as king and queen of England.
R,P,S - Ch.5 Pg. 194
Glorious Revolution
A: The English call the events of 1688 (William arrived on the English coast) and 1689 (William and Mary were crowned as king and queen of England) the Glorious Revolution because they believe it replaced one king with another with barely any bloodshed.
B: -In truth, William’s arrival sparked revolutionary riots and violence between pro W+M and pro James (called Jacobites) across the British Isles and in North American cities such as Boston and New York and Scotland. In Ireland, the two sides waged outright war from 1689 to 1691. But William’s victory at the Battle of the Boyne (1690) and the subsequent Treaty of Limerick (1691) sealed his accession to power.
-In England, the Glorious Revolution represented the final destruction of the idea of divine-right monarchy.
P,S - Ch.5 Pg. 194
Two Treatises of Government (1690)
A: Political philosopher John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government (1690). The concept of a constitutional monarchy responsible to representatives of the people.
B: Locke (1632–1704) maintained that a government that oversteps its proper function — protecting the natural rights of life, liberty, and property — becomes a tyranny. Under a tyrannical government, the people have the natural right to rebellion.
