Unit #4 Id's ch7-8 Flashcards
I,E - Ch. 7 pg. 244
Open Field System
A: a primitive system of farming from the Middle Ages. There were no fences to protect fields, and there would be one year of cropping where you would produce actual product and a year of follow, which is when they would leave it unplanted to replenish nutrients in the soil. They would plant the same crops in each stretch of land every cropping year.
B: Wheat planted year afte year in a field will deplete nitrogen in the soil, which is a vital nutrient for plant growth since the supply of manure or fertilizer was limited. The only way for the land to recover was to lie follow for a period of (which is when the field was left on cultivated for clover and grasses to g
I, E - Ch.7 Pg. 244
Crop Rotation
A: a new method of farming that emerged between 1650 and 1800s. It was nearly impossible to implement these new methods because invaders would have to convince the entire village to abandon traditional farming methods.
B: revolutionized agriculture did more efficient job of replenishing nitrogen into the soil and allowed farmers to grow more cash crops.
S,E - Ch.7 Pg. 245
Enclosure
A: a forming movement where people started to fence fields in order to far more effectively. emerged between 1650 and 1800s. It was nearly impossible to implement these new methods because fencing off the fields would mean the farmland would no longer belong to the common land.
B: By eliminating common rights and greatly reducing the access of poor men and women to the land, the eighteenth-century enclosure movement marked the completion of two major historical developments in England — the rise of capitalist market-oriented estate agriculture and the emergence of a landless rural proletariat.
I,S - Ch.7 Pg. 246
Jethro Tull
A: Jethro Tull (1674–1741) was an important English innovator. A true son of the early Enlightenment
B: Tull adopted a critical attitude toward accepted ideas about farming and tried to develop better methods through empirical research. He was especially enthusiastic about using horses, rather than slower-moving oxen, for plowing. He also advocated sowing seed with drilling equipment rather than scattering it by hand
I,E,S - Ch.7 Pg. 246
Seed Drill
A: The seed drill had a metal plow in front (depicted behind the horse’s back feet) to dig channels in the earth and a container behind it that distributed seed evenly into the channels.
B: The drill allowed farmers to plant seeds at consistent depths and in straight lines, a much more efficient system than the old method of simply scattering seed across the field.
I,S,E - Ch.7 Pg. 250
Cottage Industry
A: A stage of industrial development in which rural workers used hand tools in their homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for sale in a market. (Ch. 7) Cottage industry was often organized through the putting-out system.
-Because workers did not need to meet rigid guild standards, cottage industry became capable of producing many kinds of goods.
B: Grew in the eighteenth century and became a crucial feature of the European economy. The growth of rural industry led to far-reaching changes in daily life in the countryside.
I,S,E - Ch.7 Pg. 250
Putting-out System
A: The eighteenth-century system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed them and returned the finished products to the merchant. (Ch. 7) Often used to organize the Cottage Industry.
B: The putting-out system grew because it had competitive advantages. Underemployed labor was abundant, and poor peasants and landless laborers would work for low wages. Since production in the countryside was unregulated, workers and merchants could change procedures and experiment as they saw fit. (Essentially the beginnings of the modern day manufacturing and the industrial pipeline)
I,S,E - Ch.7 Pg. 253
Flying Shuttle
A: John Kay’s invention of the flying shuttle enabled the weaver to throw the shuttle back and forth between the threads with one hand
B: Somewhat streamlined the looming process.
I,S,E - Ch.7 Pg. 256
Guild System
A: The organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers. (Ch. 7)
B: In urban areas, the guild system dominated production of artisanal goods, providing their masters with economic privileges as well as a proud social identity.
I,S,E - Ch.7 Pg. 258
Economic Liberalism
A: A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith’s argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor. (Ch. 7)
B: Beginnings of modern day capitalism and free market
P,I,E - Ch.7 Pg. 260
Navigation Acts
A: A series of mercantile English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British colonies. (Ch. 7) The acts required that most goods imported from Europe into England and Scotland (Great Britain after 1707) be carried on British-owned ships with British crews or on ships of the country producing the articles. Moreover, these laws gave British merchants and shipowners a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies.
B: The Navigation Acts were a form of economic warfare. Navigation Acts seriously damaged Dutch shipping and commerce. The British seized the thriving Dutch colony of New Amsterdam in 1664 and renamed it New York. By the late seventeenth century, the Dutch Republic was falling behind England in shipping, trade, and colonies.
P,S,E - Ch.7 Pg. 260
Treaty of Paris, 1763
A: A treaty from the 7 years war. Involving Prussia Austrians British and some native American aliies.
B: The treaty that ended the Seven Years’ War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and that ratified British victory on all colonial fronts. (Ch. 7)
P,S,E - Ch.7 Pg. 263
Debt Peonage
A: Silver mining also stimulated food production for the mining camps, and wealthy Spanish landowners developed a system of debt peonage to keep Indigenous workers on their estates to grow food for this market
B: A form of serfdom that allowed a planter or rancher to keep workers in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money. (Ch. 7)
P,S,E,N - Ch.7 Pg. 263
Transatlantic Slave Trade
A: The forced migration of Africans across the Atlantic for enslaved labor on plantations and in other industries; the trade reached its peak in the eighteenth century and ultimately involved more than 12 million Africans. (Ch. 7)
B: Lead to centuries of oppression that still impacts how African people are treated today.
P,E,S,N - Ch.7 Pg. 264
Creole
A: The term Creole referred to people of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas.
B: Wealthy Creoles prided themselves on following European ways of life. In addition to their lavish plantation estates, they maintained townhouses in colonial cities built on the European modelpurchased luxury goods made in Europe, and their children were often sent to be educated in the home country.
E,N,S,P - Ch.7 Pg. 269
Dutch East India Co.
A: Formed in 1602, the Dutch East India Company had taken control of the Portuguese spice trade in the Indian Ocean, with the port of Batavia (Jakarta) in Java as its center of operations.
B: Within a few decades the Dutch had expelled the Portuguese from Ceylon and other East Indian islands.
-Unlike the Portuguese, the Dutch transformed the Indian Ocean trading world.
-The Dutch established outright control over East Indian states and people
-The Dutch hold in Asia faltered in the eighteenth century because the company failed to diversify to meet changing consumption patterns.
E,S,P,N - Ch.7 Pg. 269
English/British East India Co.
A: Throughout the seventeenth century the British East India Company relied on trade concessions from the powerful Mughal emperor, who granted only piecemeal access to the subcontinent.
B: Finally, in 1716 the Mughals conceded empire-wide trading privileges. As Mughal power waned, British East India Company agents increasingly intervened in local affairs and made alliances or waged war against Indian princes.
E,S,P,N - Ch.7 Pg. 270
James Cook
A: Captain James Cook, who charted much of the Pacific Ocean for the first time, claimed the east coast of Australia for England in 1770, naming it New South Wales. Cook himself was killed by Indigenous people in Hawaii in 1779.
B: The first colony was established there in the late 1780s, relying on the labor of convicted prisoners forcibly transported from Britain. Settlement of the western portion of the continent followed in the 1790s. The first colonies struggled for survival and, after an initial period of friendly relations, soon aroused the hostility and resistance of Aboriginal people.
S,P - Ch.8 Pg. 283
Illegitimacy Explosion
A: The sharp increase in out-of-wedlock (when you’re not married to your partner) births that occurred in Europe between 1750 and 1850, caused by low wages and the breakdown of community controls. (Ch. 8)
B: Why did the number of illegitimate births skyrocket? One reason was a rise in sexual activity among young people. The loosened social controls that gave young people more choice in marriage also provided them with more opportunities to yield to sexual desire.
S,E - Ch.8 Pg. 285
Wet-nursing
A: A widespread and flourishing business in the eighteenth century in which a wealthy woman would pay another women to breast-feed her baby. (Ch. 8)
B: Reliance on wet nurses raised levels of infant mortality because of the dangers of travel, the lack of supervision of conditions in wet nurses’ homes, and the need to share milk between a wet nurse’s own baby and the one or more babies she was hired to feed.
S,P,I - Ch.8 Pg. 286
Emile by Jacques Rousseau
A: One of the century’s most influential works on child rearing was Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Emile, or On Education (1762), inspired in part, Rousseau claimed, by remorse for the abandonment of his own children.
B: In Emile, Rousseau argued that boys’ education should include plenty of fresh air and exercise and that boys should be taught practical craft skills in addition to book learning. Reacting to what he perceived as the vanity and frivolity of upper-class Parisian women, Rousseau insisted that girls’ education focus on their future domestic responsibilities. For Rousseau, women’s “nature” destined them solely for a life of marriage and child rearing. The sentimental ideas of Rousseau and other reformers were enthusiastically adopted by elite women, some of whom began to nurse their own children.
S,I - Ch.8 Pg. 296
Blood Sports
A: Events such as bullbaiting and cockfighting that involved inflicting violence and bloodshed on animals and that were popular with the eighteenth-century European masses. (Ch. 8)
B: Reflecting a society in which violence was commonplace and cruelty to animals had not yet attracted widespread condemnation.
S.R.P - Ch.8 Pg. 289
Carnival
A: The few days of revelry in Catholic countries that preceded Lent and that included drinking, masquerading, dancing, and rowdy spectacles that upset the established order. (Ch. 8)
B: This annual holiday gave people a much-appreciated chance to release their pent-up frustrations and aggressions before life returned to the usual pattern of hierarchy and hard work.
-The rowdy pastimes of the populace attracted criticism from clerical and lay elites in the second half of the eighteenth century. In 1772 the Spanish Crown banned dragons and giants from the Corpus Christi parade, and the vibrant carnival of Venice was outlawed under Napoleon’s rule in 1797
S,E - Ch.8 Pg. 288
Consumer Revolution
A: One of the most important developments in European society in the eighteenth century was the emergence of a fledgling consumer culture. Much of the expansion took place among the upper and upper-middle classes, but a boom in cheap reproductions of luxury items also opened doors for people of modest means. From food to ribbons and from coal stoves to umbrellas, the material worlds of city dwellers grew richer and more diverse.
B: This “consumer revolution,” as it has been called, created new expectations for comfort, hygiene, and self-expression, thus dramatically changing European daily life in the eighteenth century.
R,S,I - Ch.8 Pg. 299
Pietism
A: A Protestant revival movement in early-eighteenth-century Germany and Scandinavia that emphasized a warm and emotional religion, the priesthood of all believers, and the power of Christian rebirth in everyday affairs. (Ch. 8)
B: Belived: Reborn Christians were expected to lead good, moral lives and to come from all social classes. reasserted the earlier radical stress on the priesthood of all believers, thereby reducing the gulf between official clergy and Lutheran laity. Pietism called for a warm, emotional religion that everyone could experience. Enthusiasm — in prayer, in worship, in preaching, in life itself — was the key concept.
-Pietism soon spread through the German-speaking lands and to Scandinavia.
-had a major impact on John Wesley (1703–1791), who served as the catalyst for popular religious revival in England.
R,S,I - Ch.8 Pg. 299
Methodists
A: Followers of John Wesley
B: Members of a Protestant revival movement started by John Wesley, so called because they were so methodical in their devotion. (Ch. 8)
R,S - Ch.8 Pg. 301
Jansenism
A: Catholicism’s own version of the Pietist revivals that shook Protestant Europe
-Started by Cornelius Jansen (1585–1638), bishop of Ypres in the Spanish Netherlands, who called for a return to the austere early Christianity of Saint Augustine.
-Jansen emphasized the heavy weight of original sin and accepted the doctrine of predestination.
B: Among the urban poor, a different strain of Jansenism took hold. Prayer meetings brought men and women together in ecstatic worship, and some participants fell into convulsions and spoke in tongues. The police of Paris posted spies to report on such gatherings and conducted mass raids and arrests.
I,S,E - Ch.8 Pg. 305
Edward Jenner
A: A talented docture who made a crucial breakthrough in the search for a vaccine against small pox that was safer and more effective than inoculation.
-His starting point was the countryside belief that dairymaids who had contracted cowpox did not get smallpox. Cowpox produces sores that resemble those of smallpox, but the disease is mild and is not contagious. He then used matter from the sores of a milkmaid with cowpox to on a healthy person to see if this gave them immunity from smallpox, and he was right.
B: Smallpox soon declined to the point of disappearance in Europe and then throughout the world. As the creator of the world’s first vaccine, Jenner is credited with saving more lives than perhaps any other individual in history.
