Unit 2 Quiz study guide - General Flashcards
What was the Babylonian Captivity?
A period when the papacy was moved to Avignon (1309–1377), weakening the authority of the Church in Rome.
What was the Great Schism?
A division in the Catholic Church (1378–1417) where multiple popes claimed authority, causing confusion and weakening Church unity.
Define simony.
The practice of buying or selling church positions or offices.
What is pluralism in the context of the Church?
Holding multiple church offices at once by one individual, often leading to corruption.
What is an indulgence?
A remission of temporal punishment for sins, granted by the Church.
How could indulgences be earned?
Through good deeds, prayers, and charitable actions.
What was the historical use of indulgences during the Crusades?
Pope Urban II offered indulgences for those who died fighting.
Why did Pope Leo X use indulgences?
To fund the construction of St. Peter’s Basilica.
What sparked the indulgence controversy?
Archbishop Albert of Mainz hired John Tetzel to sell indulgences throughout Germany.
Who was Martin Luther?
A German monk who challenged the Catholic Church’s practices, particularly the sale of indulgences.
What were the 95 Theses?
Luther’s list of 95 complaints against the Catholic Church, specifically criticizing the sale of indulgences.
When did Martin Luther post the 95 Theses?
On October 31, 1517.
What was Luther’s initial intention regarding the Church?
To reform the Church, not break away from it.
What happened to Luther after he refused to recant?
He was excommunicated in 1520 by Pope Leo X.
What was the Diet of Worms?
A meeting where Luther was summoned by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and refused to recant his beliefs.
What was the outcome of the Diet of Worms for Luther?
He was declared an outlaw.
Who protected Luther during his time in hiding?
Prince Frederick of Saxony.
What significant work did Luther do while in hiding?
He translated the New Testament into German.
By what year was Lutheranism firmly established?
By 1526.
Who was John Calvin?
A French theologian and a major figure in the Protestant Reformation, greatly influenced by Martin Luther.
What is the title of Calvin’s foundational theological work?
Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536).
What is predestination?
Calvin’s belief that God has already decided who will be saved and who will be damned.
What did Calvin establish in Geneva?
A theocracy where Calvinism became the state religion and dissent was not tolerated.
Where did Calvinism spread?
- France (Huguenots)
- England (Puritans)
- Scotland (Presbyterians)
What prompted Henry VIII to seek a divorce?
His wife, Catherine of Aragon, could not give him a son.
Why was Pope Clement VII’s refusal significant?
He was pressured by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Catherine’s nephew.
What did Henry VIII declare in 1534?
Himself the Supreme Head of the Church of England through the Act of Supremacy.
What was the Dissolution of the Monasteries?
Henry VIII dissolved England’s monasteries and confiscated their wealth and land.
Why was Thomas More executed?
For refusing to recognize Henry VIII’s divorce and his authority over the Church.
