Unit 3 test prep

Question 1

What belief did Charles I of England strongly uphold regarding his rule?

Answer 1

He believed in the Divine Right of Kings, meaning he thought he ruled by God’s authority and should not be questioned by Parliament.

Question 2

Why did Charles I shut down Parliament in 1629?

Answer 2

He wanted to rule without Parliament becauseof a seires of cause and effect, starting in 1628 when Parliament forced the King to assent to the Petition of Right by threatening to stop granting any future taxes → Charels emplemted Petition of Right in a way that made it inefective →The Commons passed a number of motions against the King’s recent actions. → 1629 Disbandment of Parlement →The Personal Rule (1629-1640), also called the Eleven Years’ Tyranny.

Question 3

What were the two sides in the English Civil War (1642-1649)?

Answer 3

The Royalists (Cavaliers) supported Charles I, while the Parliamentarians (Roundheads), led by Oliver Cromwell, opposed him.

Question 4

What happened to Charles I after the English Civil War?

Answer 4

He was tried for treason, found guilty, and executed in 1649.

Question 5

What type of government was established after Charles I’s execution?

Answer 5

England became a republic under Oliver Cromwell’s Protectorate (1649-1660).

Question 6

How did Oliver Cromwell rule England?

Answer 6

As Lord Protector, he acted as a military dictator, imposed strict Puritan laws, and suppressed uprisings, especially in Ireland.

Question 7

What event marked the return of the monarchy in England?

Answer 7

The Restoration of 1660, when Charles II became king.

Question 8

Why was the reign of James II controversial?

Answer 8

He was a Catholic monarch in a Protestant country and James II tried to increase Catholic influence, which angered Parliament.

Question 9

What was the Glorious Revolution? When did it happen?

Answer 9

The Glorious Revo took place1688-1689. Parliament invited William of Orange and Mary to take the throne, forcing James II to flee. This established a constitutional monarchy, limiting royal power.

Question 10

What document did William and Mary sign, and why was it important?

Answer 10

The English Bill of Rights (1689), which limited the monarch’s power and strengthened Parliament, marking the end of absolute monarchy in England.

Question 11

Who was the first king of the Bourbon dynasty, and what did he do to unify France?

Answer 11

Henry IV (ruled 1589-1610); successfully ended the French Wars of Religion by the issueing of the Edict of Nantes

Question 12

What was the Edict of Nantes (1598)?

Answer 12

A decree issued by Henry IV that gave civl and religous protection to 150 fortified Huganogt towns.

Question 13

Who was the powerful advisor to Louis XIII, and how did he strengthen the monarchy?

Answer 13

Cardinal Richelieu, who reduced the power of nobles, expanded the intendant system, and crushed Huguenot resistance.

Question 14

What was Louis XIV’s famous quote, and what did it symbolize?

Answer 14

‘L’état, c’est moi’ (‘I am the state’). It represented his belief in absolute monarchy.

Question 15

What palace did Louis XIV build, and why was it important?

Answer 15

The Palace of Versailles; it showcased his power and allowed him to control the nobility by keeping them under his watch.

Question 16

How did Louis XIV weaken religious tolerance in France?

Answer 16

He revoked the Edict of Nantes, and issued the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685) effectively ending religious freedom for Huguenots, forcing them to convert to Catholicism or leave the country, which harmed France’s economy, but helped creat religous unity and further centralized power to the state.

Question 17

What was mercantilism, and who promoted it under Louis XIV?

Answer 17

An economic policy focused on exporting more than importing; Jean-Baptiste Colbert strengthened France’s economy through it.

Question 18

How did Louis XIV expand France’s power?

Answer 18

He fought numerous wars, but they drained France’s finances and led to resentment among neighboring countries.

Question 19

What was one major similarity between Isabella of Castile and Elizabeth I?

Answer 19

Both strengthened their countries and promoted exploration, leading to the growth of Spain and England as world powers.

Question 20

How did Isabella of Castile handle religious matters differently from Elizabeth I?

Answer 20

Isabella enforced religious uniformity through the Spanish Inquisition, while Elizabeth I tolerated Protestantism but avoided religious wars.

Question 21

How did Isabella and Elizabeth I support exploration?

Answer 21

Isabella funded Christopher Columbus (1492), and Elizabeth I supported Sir Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh.

Question 22

What was a major military success of Elizabeth I?

Answer 22

She led England to defeat the Spanish Armada in 1588, weakening Spain’s naval dominance.

Question 23

How did Isabella of Castile impact Spain’s unification?

Answer 23

She married Ferdinand of Aragon, completing the Reconquista by expelling the Moors from Spain.

Question 24

What type of monarchy did Elizabeth I establish in England?

Answer 24

A balanced monarchy, working with Parliament instead of ruling absolutely.

Question 27

Was Isabella of Castile a Converso?

Answer 27

No, she was not a Converso. She hated Conversos and pushed them out of Spain.

Question 28

What is a Converso?

Answer 28

A Converso is a Jewish person who converted to Christianity, often under pressure.

Question 29

What policy did Isabella enforce regarding the Jewish population?

Answer 29

She expelled Jewish people from Spain, giving them the choice to leave or be killed. Even after conversion, they were often accused of secretly practicing Judaism, leading to further persecution.

Question 30

What was Isabella of Castile’s religion?

Answer 30

She was Catholic.

Question 31

What was Elizabeth I of England’s religion?

Answer 31

She was Anglican.

Question 32

What does it mean to be a Politique?

Answer 32

A Politique is a ruler who prioritizes the stability of the state over personal religious beliefs.

Question 33

How did Elizabeth I enforce religious unity?

Answer 33

She made Anglicanism the official religion of England because religious unity strengthened the state and reduced the risk of uprisings.

Question 34

Which dynasty did Elizabeth I belong to?

Answer 34

She was a Tudor and marked the end of the Tudor dynasty.

Question 35

When did Isabella of Castile and Elizabeth I rule?

Answer 35

- Isabella of Castile: 1474–1504 - Elizabeth I of England: 1558–1603

Question 36

What is one major similarity between the policies of Louis XIV and Peter the Great?

Answer 36

They were both absolutist rulers, meaning they centralized all power and subjugated all groups to their authority.

Question 37

How did both rulers control their nobles?

Answer 37

- Louis XIV: Forced nobles to live at Versailles for six months a year. - Peter the Great: Forced Boyars to relocate to Saint Petersburg, his version of Versailles.

Question 38

What was one major difference between their policies?

Answer 38

Peter had to modernize Russia from the ground up, while Louis XIV ruled an already modernized France.

Question 39

What military policies did both rulers have in common?

Answer 39

Both had standing armies, but Peter had to create Russia’s first standing army and navy from scratch.

Question 40

How did both rulers display their power architecturally?

Answer 40

They both built Baroque-style palaces: - Louis XIV: Built Versailles. - Peter the Great: Built Saint Petersburg.

Question 41

How did Peter the Great enforce Westernization?

Answer 41

- He banned traditional Russian clothing for Boyars. - Imposed a beard tax, forcing men to pay if they wanted to keep their beards. - Sent young Russian men to study in Europe.

Question 42

What economic policies did both rulers use?

Answer 42

They both expanded trade and used mercantilist policies to strengthen their economies.

Question 43

What was Peter the Great’s stance on meritocracy?

Answer 43

He abolished hereditary privileges and created a merit-based system where people had to earn their ranks instead of inheriting power.

Question 44

How did Louis XIV and Peter the Great change their nations' capitals?

Answer 44

- Louis XIV: Moved the French government from Paris to Versailles. - Peter the Great: Moved the Russian capital from Moscow to Saint Petersburg.

Question 45

How did Peter the Great gain access to warm-water ports?

Answer 45

He invaded Sweden during the Great Northern War to gain access to ports for trade and naval power.

Question 46

What was Russia like before Peter the Great’s rule?

Answer 46

- It was considered backward and traditional. - It had few schools, no universities, and limited trade. - There was no standing army or navy.

Question 47

What event from Peter’s childhood influenced his hatred of Russian traditions?

Answer 47

The Streltsy Massacre (1682), where rebellious guards killed his family and attacked the Kremlin. This led Peter to reject Russian traditions and push for Westernization.

Question 48

What were some of Peter’s key reforms?

Answer 48

- Created Russia’s first standing army and navy. - Built factories and expanded trade. - Established schools, even for non-nobles (though they still required tuition). - Encouraged Western craftsmanship and military techniques. - Allowed people to choose their spouses instead of arranged marriages.

Question 49

What was Peter’s 'Beard Tax'?

Answer 49

A tax imposed on Russian men who wanted to keep their beards, as Peter wanted nobles to adopt Western fashion.

Question 50

How did Peter handle opposition?

Answer 50

He tortured and executed anyone who plotted against him, including his own son.

Question 51

Why did Peter the Great’s son hate him?

Answer 51

His son was a traditionalist who opposed Peter’s Westernization efforts. After fleeing Russia, he was lured back with false promises of safety, then tortured and condemned to death by his father.

Question 52

How did Peter enforce meritocracy in Russia?

Answer 52

He abolished hereditary privileges and forced people to earn their positions instead of inheriting them.

Question 53

How did Peter’s westernization efforts compare to Louis XIV’s control over nobles?

Answer 53

- Louis XIV: Required nobles to dress extravagantly and live in Versailles. - Peter the Great: Forced nobles to adopt Western fashion and abandon Russian traditions.

Question 54

Why did Peter move Russia’s capital to Saint Petersburg?

Answer 54

He wanted a modern, Western-style city with access to the sea for trade.

Question 55

How did Peter the Great expand Russia’s territory?

Answer 55

He waged war against Sweden to gain warm-water ports, which were essential for trade and naval power.

Question 57

Who was John Locke, and when did he live?

Answer 57

John Locke (1632–1704) was an English philosopher and political thinker. He lived during the Glorious Revolution (1688) and was also trained as a medical doctor.

Question 58

What were Locke’s views on human nature?

Answer 58

Locke believed that in a *state of nature* (before government), humans have the ability to reason and possess a moral compass. He did not claim that people were naturally good, but he believed they were capable of morality and rational thought.

Question 59

How did Locke influence the American Declaration of Independence?

Answer 59

Locke’s ideas about *natural rights*—life, liberty, and property—inspired Thomas Jefferson when drafting the Declaration of Independence.

Question 60

What is Locke’s view on government and the social contract?

Answer 60

Locke believed that people enter into a *social contract*, allowing themselves to be governed in exchange for the protection of their natural rights. If a government fails to protect these rights or becomes tyrannical, the people have the right to overthrow it.

Question 61

What did Locke write?

Answer 61

Locke wrote *Two Treatises of Government*, in which he argued that government exists to serve the people, not the other way around.

Question 62

Did Locke believe everyone had equal rights?

Answer 62

No, Locke’s ideas about natural rights applied mainly to landowning men. He did not extend these rights to enslaved people or non-property-owning citizens.

Question 63

How did John Locke’s views differ from Thomas Hobbes’?

Answer 63

Locke believed that humans are rational and capable of morality in the *state of nature*. Hobbes believed that humans are naturally violent and selfish in the *state of nature* and require a strong ruler to maintain order.

Question 64

What were Hobbes’ political beliefs?

Answer 64

Hobbes supported *absolute monarchy* and argued in *Leviathan* that people give up their rights completely in a *social contract* to ensure peace and security.

Question 65

What did Locke and Hobbes have in common?

Answer 65

Both were English philosophers who believed in the *social contract* and natural law, and both wrote about the role of government. However, Locke favored a constitutional monarchy with limited government, while Hobbes favored an absolute ruler.

Question 66

Who was Montesquieu, and what did he believe?

Answer 66

Montesquieu (1689–1755) was a French nobleman who studied various European governments. He believed the best way to protect citizens’ rights and prevent tyranny was through a government with *three separate branches*: executive, legislative, and judicial.

Question 67

What book did Montesquieu write?

Answer 67

He wrote *The Spirit of the Laws* (1748), which heavily influenced the U.S. Constitution and the ideas of James Madison.

Question 68

How did Montesquieu’s ideas impact modern government?

Answer 68

His theory of *separation of powers* influenced the structure of democratic governments, including the U.S. government, ensuring that no single branch has too much power.

Question 69

Who was Voltaire, and what did he believe?

Answer 69

Voltaire (1694–1778) was a French Enlightenment philosopher known for advocating *freedom of speech, religious tolerance, and the separation of church and state*.

Question 70

Why was Voltaire critical of the Catholic Church and the French government?

Answer 70

He criticized their corruption and suppression of free thought, which led to his exile and imprisonment at the Bastille.

Question 71

What are some famous quotes attributed to Voltaire?

Answer 71

*"I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it."* *"It is dangerous to be right when the government is wrong."*

Question 72

What type of government did Voltaire prefer?

Answer 72

He supported *enlightened absolutism*, believing that a well-educated, rational monarch could be the best ruler.

Question 73

Who was Denis Diderot, and what was his major contribution?

Answer 73

Denis Diderot (1713–1784) was a French philosopher and the chief editor of the *Encyclopédie*, a 28-volume work that took 25 years to complete.

Question 74

Why was the *Encyclopédie* important?

Answer 74

It spread Enlightenment ideas across Europe, challenging the power of the monarchy and the Catholic Church by promoting knowledge and reason.

Question 75

Who contributed to the *Encyclopédie*?

Answer 75

Philosophers like Montesquieu and Voltaire wrote articles for it.

Question 76

What were Rousseau’s main beliefs?

Answer 76

Rousseau (1712–1778) believed that humans are naturally good, but society corrupts them. He developed the idea of the *noble savage*, suggesting that people in their natural state are pure. He believed in *general will*—that the good of the majority should take precedence over individual interests.

Question 77

What famous quote is attributed to Rousseau?

Answer 77

*"Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains."*

Question 78

What book did Rousseau write?

Answer 78

*The Social Contract* (1762), where he argued for *direct democracy* and that people should collectively decide their government.

Question 79

Why did Rousseau dislike private property?

Answer 79

He believed that property creates inequality and that wealth corrupts society.

Question 80

What was the Thirty Years' War, and why did it start?

Answer 80

It was a religious and political conflict in the Holy Roman Empire (HRE) that began in 1618 when Calvinists, who were excluded from the *Peace of Augsburg*, rebelled.

Question 81

What were the four phases of the war?

Answer 81

1. **Bohemian Phase (1618–1622):** Started with the *Defenestration of Prague*, where Protestant nobles threw Catholic officials out a window. 2. **Danish Phase (1625–1629):** King Christian IV of Denmark intervened to protect Protestants but was defeated. 3. **Swedish Phase (1630–1635):** Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden entered the war to weaken the Habsburgs but was killed in battle. 4. **French Phase (1635–1648):** France, led by Cardinal Richelieu, fought to weaken Habsburg Spain and became the dominant power in Europe.

Question 82

How did the war end, and what were its effects?

Answer 82

The *Peace of Westphalia* (1648) ended the war. It recognized Swiss and Dutch independence. The Holy Roman Empire weakened as over 300 German principalities gained more autonomy. France emerged as Europe’s dominant power. The war devastated Germany, killing about one-third of its population.