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BIO 150 A&P I > Unit 5: Ch 14 (Brain & Cranial Nerves) > Flashcards

Unit 5: Ch 14 (Brain & Cranial Nerves) Flashcards

1
Q

4 major brain portions

A
  • Forebrain
  • Cerebellum
  • Brainstem
  • Diencephalon
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2
Q

Arachnoid mater

A
  • Meninge layer
    • Subdural space
    • Subarachnoid space
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3
Q

Blood-brain barrier of CSF

A
  • Protects the brain at the choroid plexus
  • Forms tight junctions between the ependymal cells
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4
Q

Brainstem

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla oblongata
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5
Q

Cerebral peduncles (midbrain)

A
  • Tegmentum
    • Dominated by the red nucleus
    • Connections go to and from cerebellum
  • Substantia nigra
    • Pigmented with melanin
    • Motor center that relays inhibitory signals to thalamus and basal nuclei preventing unwanted body movement
  • Cerebral crus
    • Bundle of nerve fibers that connect the cerebrum to the pons
    • Carries corticospinal tracts
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6
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • Cerebral hemispheres
  • Gyri and sulci
  • Longitudinal fissure
  • Corpus callosum
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7
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Epithalamus
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8
Q

Dura mater

A
  • 2 layers (meninges)
    • outer periosteal
    • inner meningeal
  • No epidural space
  • Folds inward to extend between parts of the brin
    • falx cerebri
    • tentorium cerebelli
    • falx cerebelli
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9
Q

Functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A
  • Buoyancy
  • Protection
  • Chemical stability
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10
Q

Gray matter

A
  • Neural integration
  • Found in 3 places
    • cerebral cortex
    • basal nuclei
    • limbic system
  • Anything unmyelinated
  • Seat of the neurosomas, dendrites, and synapses
  • Forms the cortex
  • Forms the nuclei surrounded by white matter
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11
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • 2 subdivisions
    • myelencephalon
    • metencephalon
  • All nerve fibers connecting the brain to the spinal cord pass through the medulla
  • Cranial nerves that feed the medulla oblongata:
    • IX
    • X
    • XI
    • XII
  • Cardiac center
  • Vasomotor center
  • Respiratory center
  • Reflex centers
  • Pyramids
    • Located on the anterior surface
    • Carry motor signals to skeletal muscles
  • Olives
    • Located lateral to each pyramid
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12
Q

Meninges

A
  • 3 membranes between the nervous tissue and bone
    • Dura mater
    • Arachnoid mater
    • Pia mater
  • Protect the brain and provide a structural framework for arteries and veins
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13
Q

Midbrain

A
  • Cerebral aqueduct
  • Contains the motor nuclei of CN III & CN IV
  • Tectum
    • Corpora quadrigemina
      • Superior colliculi: control the extrinsic muscles of the eyes
      • Inferior colliculi: sensitive to time delays between the ears
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14
Q

Pons

A
  • Ascending and descending tracts
  • Pathways in and out of the cerebellum
  • Cranial nerves V - VIII
  • Pneumataxic and apneustic areas
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15
Q

Reticular formation

A
  • Loosley organized web of gray matter that has connections with
    • midbrain
    • pons
    • medulla oblongata
    • cerebrum
    • cerebellum
  • Networks
    • somatic (skeletal muscles) motor control
    • central pattern generator
    • cardiovascular control
    • pain modulation
    • sleep and consciousness
    • habituation
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16
Q

Ventricles

A
  • 4 internal chambers
    • Lateral ventricles (2)
      • largest & most rostral
      • form an arc in each cerebral hemisphere
    • 3rd ventricle
    • 4th ventricle
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17
Q

White matter

A
  • All myelinated components in CNS
  • Composed of tracts (bundles of axons)
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18
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Monitors muscle contractions and aids in motor coordination
  • Evaluation of sensory input
  • Timekeeping center
  • Planning and scheduling tasks
  • Important for skeletal muscle contraction
  • 2 hemispheres; divided by vermis
  • Sensitive to alcohol
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19
Q

Structures that arise from the embryonic diencephalon

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Epithalamus
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20
Q

Thalamus

A
  • Composed of at least 23 nuclei within 5 major functional groups
  • Motor control
  • Sensory input
  • Memory and emotional functions of the limbic system
21
Q

Hypothalamus functions

A
  • Relay signals between the limbic system and thalamus
  • Control center of ANS and endocrine system
  • Hormone secretion
  • Thermoregulation
  • Food and water intake
  • Rhythm of sleep and waking
22
Q

Epithalamus

A
  • Composed mainly of the pineal gland, habenula, and a thin roof over the 3rd ventricle
23
Q

Cerebral lobes

A
  • Frontal
  • Insula
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
  • Temporal
24
Q

Frontal lobe

A
  • Abstract thought
  • Explicit memory
  • Mood
  • Motivation
  • Foresight and planning
  • Decision making
  • Emotional control
  • Social judgment
  • Voluntary motor control
25
Q

Insula lobe

A
  • Taste
  • Pain
  • Visceral sensation
  • Consciousness
  • Emotion and empathy
  • Cardiovascular homeostasis
26
Q

Parietal lobe

A
  • Taste
  • Somatic sensation
  • Sensory integration
  • Visual processing
  • Spatial perception
  • Language processing
  • Numerical awareness
27
Q

Occipital lobe

A
  • Visual awareness
  • Visual processing
28
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  • Hearing
  • Smell
  • Emotion
  • Learning
  • Language & language comprehension
  • Memory consolidation
  • Verbal memory
  • Visual and auditory memory
29
Q

White matter tracts

A
  • Projection tracts
    • Carry info between the cerebrum and the rest of the body
    • Carry motor signals
  • Commissural tracts
    • Enable the two sides of the cerebrum to communicate with each other
  • Association tracts
    • Connect different regions within the same cerebral hemisphere
    • Link perceptual and memory centers of the brain
30
Q

Limbic system

A
  • Center of emotion and learning
    • hippocampus
    • amygdala
31
Q

Basal nuclei

A
  • Brain centers
    • caudate nucleus
    • putamen
    • globus pallidus
32
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A
  • Studies normal brain functions such as sleep and consciousness
  • Diagnoses degenerative brain diseases, metabolic abnormalities, brain tumors, etc.
33
Q

Brain waves

A
  • 4 brain waves
    • Alpha: absent during deep sleep
    • Beta: accentuated during mental activity & sensory stimulation
    • Theta: suggest emotional stress or brain disorders in awake adults
    • Delta: indicates serious brain damage in awake adults
34
Q

Cranial nerve classifications

A
  • Most cranial nerves carry fibers between the brainstem and ipsilateral receptors and effectors
  • Classes:
    • Sensory
      • Cranial nerves I, II, VIII
    • Motor
      • Cranial nerves III, IV, VI, XI, XII
    • Mixed
      • Cranial nerves V, VII, IX, X
35
Q

Sensory cranial nerves

A
  • I (Olfactory)
  • II (Optic)
  • VIII (Vestibulocochlear)
36
Q

Motor cranial nerves

A
  • III (Oculomotor)
  • IV (Trochlear)
  • VI (Abducens)
  • XI (Accessory)
  • XII (Hypoglossal)
37
Q

Mixed cranial nerves

A
  • V (Trigeminal)
  • VII (Facial)
  • IX (Glossopharyngeal)
  • X (Vagus)
38
Q

I nerve

A
  • Olfactory
  • Sensory
    • Sense of smell
39
Q

II n.

A
  • Optic n.
  • Sensory
    • Vision
40
Q

III n.

A
  • Oculomotor n.
  • Motor
    • Turn the eyeball up, down, and medially
    • Iris, lens, and upper eyelid
41
Q

IV n.

A
  • Trochlear n.
  • Motor
    • Eye movement (superior oblique muscle)
42
Q

V n.

A
  • Trigeninal n.
  • Mixed
    • Identifies pain in face
    • 3 divisions
      • Opthalmic
      • Maxillary
      • Mandibular
43
Q

VI n.

A
  • Abducens n.
  • Motor
    • Allows eye to be abducted; eye movement (lateral vision)
44
Q

VII n.

A
  • Facial n.
  • Mixed
    • Motor
      • Facial muscles
        • Secretion from salivary, tear, nasal, & palatine glands
    • Sensory
      • Taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue
45
Q

VIII n.

A
  • Vestibulocochlear n.
  • Sensory
    • Hearing (cochlear)
    • Equilibrium (vestibular)
46
Q

IX n.

A
  • Glossopharyngeal n.
  • Mixed
    • Motor
      • Salivation
      • Pharyngeal muscles for swallowing
    • Sensory
      • Sensations from posterior 1/3 of tongue
      • Reflexes involving the control of BP & respiration
47
Q

X n.

A
  • Vagus n.
  • Mixed
    • Motor
      • Swallowing & gag reflexes
    • Sensory
      • Taste buds & epiglottis
48
Q

XI n.

A
  • Accessory n.
  • Motor
    • Head, neck, and shoulders
    • Innervation to 2 muscles
      • Sternocleidomastoid
      • Trapezius
49
Q

XII n.

A
  • Hypoglossal n.
  • Motor
    • Tongue movements for speech, food manipulation, & swallowing

BIO 150 A&P I (25 decks)

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