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BIO 150 A&P I > Unit 3: Ch 8 (Skeletal System) > Flashcards

Unit 3: Ch 8 (Skeletal System) Flashcards

1
Q

of bones

A
  • Bones at birth: 270
  • Bones at adulthood: ~ 206
    • Varies with the development of sesamoid bones
    • Varies with the presence of sutural bones in skull
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2
Q

Describe the vertebral curvatures

A
  • Primary
    • Present at birth
    • 1 continuous curve
  • Secondary
    • Takes time to develop
    • By adulthood, there are 4 curvatures
      • Cervical lordosis: C1 - C7
      • Thoracic kyphosis: T1 - T12
      • Lumbar lordosis: L1 - L5
      • Pelvic kyphosis: S1
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3
Q

Male/female pelvis differences

  • General appearance
  • Tilt
  • Brim/Inlet
  • Outlet
  • Subpubic angle
A
  • General appearance
    • Male: More massive, rougher, heavier processes
    • Female: Less massive, smoother more delicate processes
  • Tilt
    • Male: Upper end of pelvis relatively vertical
    • Female: Upper end of pelvis tilted forward
  • Brim/Inlet
    • Male: Heart-shaped
    • Female: Round or oval
  • Outlet
    • Male: Smaller
    • Female: Larger
  • Subpubic angle
    • Male: Narrower, usually 90° or less
    • Female: Wider, usually 100° or more
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4
Q
A
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5
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

  • Function
  • Location
A
  • Function: Supports the head and allows for its movement
  • Location: C1 - C7
  • Notes
    • C1 (Atlas)
      • Supports the head
      • Little more than a delicate ring surrounding a large vertebral foramen; no body
    • C2 (Axis)
      • Allows rotation of the head, as in gesturing “no”
      • Most distinctive feature is a the dens (aka odontoid process). No other vertebra has a dens
      • 1st vertebra to exhibit a spinous process, which has a bifid tip
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6
Q

Coccyx Vertebrae

  • Function
  • Location
A
  • Function
    • Provides attachment for the muscles of the pelvic floor
    • Co1 has a pair of horns (cornua) that serve as attachment points for ligaments that bind the coccyx to the sacrum
  • Location
    • Co1 to Co4 (or sometimes Co5)
    • Fuse between 20-30 YOA
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7
Q

Condyle

A

Smooth, rounded articular process; “knuckle” of any bone

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8
Q

Cranial Bones

A
  • 8 total
    • Frontal (1)
    • Parietal (2)
    • Occipital (1)
    • Temporal (2)
    • Sphenoid (1)
    • Ethmoid (1)
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9
Q

Major parts of the cranium

A
  • Calvaria
    • Composed of multiple bones that form the roof and walls of the skull
  • Base
    • Cranial cavity floor
    • Composed of 3 paired depressions called cranial fossae
      • Anterior cranial fossa
      • Middle cranial fossa
      • Posterior cranial fossa (deepest)
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10
Q

Extensions & Projections

A
  • Crest: A narrow ridge
  • Epicondyle: An expanded region superior to a condyle
  • Line: A slightly raised, elongated ridge
  • Process: Any bony prominence
  • Protuberance: A bony outgrowth or protruding part
  • Spine: A sharp, slender, or narrow process
  • Trochanter: Two massive processes unique to the femur
  • Tubercle: A small, rounded process
  • Tuberosity: A rough elevated surface
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11
Q

Facial Bones

A
  • 14 total
    • Maxillae (2)
    • Palatine (2)
    • Zygomatic (2)
    • Lacrimal (2)
    • Nasal (2)
    • Vomer (1)
    • Inferior nasal conchae (2)
    • Mandible (1)
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12
Q

Foramen

A

opening or hole (pl. foramina)

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13
Q

Fossa

A

shallow depression

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14
Q

Head

A

a spherical process at end of a long bone

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15
Q

List bones in the upper appendicular system

A
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16
Q

List bones in the axial skeleton

A
17
Q

Lower limbs

A
  • 60 total
    • Femurs (2)
    • Patellae (2)
    • Tibiae (2)
    • Fibulae (2)
    • Tarsal bones (14)
    • Metatarsal bones (10)
    • Phalanges (28)
18
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

  • Function
  • Location
A
  • Function
    • Thick, stout body and a blunt, squarish spinous process for attachment of lumbar muscles
    • Arrangement resists twisting of the lower spine
  • Location: L1 - L5
19
Q

Meatus

A

canal-like opening

20
Q

Passages & Cavities

A
  • Canal: A tubular passage or tunnel in a bone
  • Fissure: A slit through a bone
  • Foramen: A hole through a bone, usually round
  • Meatus: A canal
  • Sinus: An air-filled space in a bone
21
Q

Pectoral girdle

A
  • 4 total
    • Scapulae (2)
    • Clavicles (2)
22
Q

Pelvic girdle

A
  • 2 total
    • Hip bones (2)
23
Q

Process

A

projection or elevation on a surface

24
Q

Prominent skull cavities

A
  • Cranial cavity
  • Orbits
  • Nasal cavity
  • Oral (buccal) cavity
  • Middle- and inner-ear cavities
  • Paranasal sinuses
  • Frontal sinus
  • Sphenoidal sinus
  • Ethmoidal sinus
  • Maxillary sinus
25
Q

Ribs

A
  • R1 - R7: True Ribs
    • Individual costal cartilage
    • Articulate with a transverse costal facet
    • Rib tubercle present
  • R8 - R10: False Ribs
    • Costal cartilage shared with R7
    • Articulate with a transverse costal facet
    • Rib tubercle present
  • R11 - R12: Floating Ribs
    • No costal cartilage
    • Does NOT articulate with a transverse costal facet
    • NO rib tubercle
26
Q

Sacrum Vertebrae

  • Function
  • Location
A
  • Function
    • Bony plate that forms the posterior wall of the pelvic girdle
  • Location
    • S1 - S5, in children
    • Will eventually become a fused structure (~16 YOA)
27
Q

Sesamoid bones

A
  • Bones that form within some tendons in response to strain
  • Example: the patella
28
Q

Sinus

A

(bay or pocket) cavity in a bone

29
Q

Skeletal Systems & Major Bones

A
  • Axial System
    • Forms central supporting axis of the body
    • Skull
    • Vertebrae
    • Sternum
    • Ribs
    • Sacrum
    • Hyoid
  • Appendicular System
    • Pectoral girdle
    • Upper extremity
    • Pelvic girdle
    • Lower extremity
30
Q
A
31
Q

Spine

A

pointed process

32
Q

Surface Markings

A
  • Spine
  • Condyle
  • Foramen
  • Fossa
  • Meatus
33
Q

Sutural bones

A
  • Skull bones that fuse together
34
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A
  • T1 - T12
  • Supports the thoracic cage enclosing the heart and lungs
  • Each vertebra corresponds to rib a attachment
  • Notes
    • No other vertebrae have ribs
    • Lack the transverse foramina and bifid processes that distinguish the cervical vertebrae
    • Distinctive features
    • Spinous processes are relatively pointed and angle sharply downward
    • Body is somewhat hear-shaped
    • Body has small, smooth, and slightly concave spots called costal facets for rib attachment
    • T1-T10 have a shallow, cuplike transverse costal facet at the end of each transverse process
    • Provide a 2nd point of articulation for ribs 1-10
    • There are no transverse costal facets on T11 and T12 because ribs 11 and 12 attach only to the bodies of those two vertebrae
35
Q

Trochanter

A

rough, large projection

36
Q

Type of bone between the vertebrae

A

Fibrocartilage

37
Q

Upper limbs

A
  • 60 total
    • Humerus (2)
    • Radius (2)
    • Ulna (2)
    • Carpal bones (16)
    • Metacarpal bones (10)
    • Phalanges (28)
38
Q

Vertebral functions

A
  • Support the skull and trunk
  • Protect the spinal cord
  • Absorb stress of walking, running, and lifting
  • Provide attachments for limbs, thoracic cage, and postural muscles
39
Q

Vertebral markers

A
  • Cervical lordosis
    • Infant lifting head on its own
  • Lumbar lordosis
    • When a person is able to start walking on his/her own (~1 YOA)
  • C7 (aka vertebra prominens)
    • Landmark for counting vertebrae by palpation
    • Forms a prominent bump on the lower back of neck

BIO 150 A&P I (25 decks)

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