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BIO 150 A&P I > Labs 7-11: Practical Exam 2 > Flashcards

Labs 7-11: Practical Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

VI

  • Nerve name
  • Nerve type(s)
  • Function(s)
A
  • Abducens n.
  • Motor
    • Allows eye to be abducted; eye movement (lateral vision)
    • Sense body position
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2
Q

XI

  • Nerve name
  • Nerve type(s)
  • Function(s)
A
  • Accessory n.
  • Motor
    • Head, neck, and shoulders
    • Innervation to 2 muscles
      • Sternocleidomastoid
      • Trapezius
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3
Q
A

Adductor longus

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4
Q
A

Adductor longus

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5
Q
A

Adductor magnus

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6
Q
A

Adductor magnus

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7
Q
A

Arbor vitae

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8
Q

Astigmatism

A

Blurred vision caused by irregular shaped cornea or lens

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9
Q

Audiometer

A

Instrument to measure hearing

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10
Q
A

Auditory tube

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11
Q
A

Auditory tube

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12
Q
A

Auditory tube

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13
Q

Autonomic reflex pathways

A
  • Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or glands
  • Generally not consciously aware of the reflex
  • Examples: digestion, sweating, hormone release, dilation/contraction of blood vessels
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14
Q
A

Biceps brachii

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15
Q
A

Biceps brachii (anterior)

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16
Q
A

biceps femoris

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17
Q
A

Biceps femoris (2)

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18
Q
A

Biceps femoris

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19
Q

Biceps jerk reflex

A
  • Used to evaluate the function of level C5 and C6 spinal nerves
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20
Q

Blindspot

A
  • Created by the optic disc
  • Occur because there are no visual receptor cells at the point where the optic nerve connects with the retina
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21
Q
A

Brachialis

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22
Q
A

Brachialis (anterior)

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23
Q
A

Brachioradialis

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24
Q
A

Brachioradialis (anterior)

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25
Q
A
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26
Q
A

Brain stem

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27
Q

Calcaneal (Achilles or Ankle Jerk) reflex

A
  • Evaluates the S1 and S2 levels of the spinal cord
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28
Q
A

Cardiac muscle

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29
Q
A

Cardiac muscle

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30
Q
A

Cerebellum

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31
Q
A

Cerebral aqueduct

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32
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

The fluid in and around the brain and spinal cord

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33
Q
A

Cerebrum

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34
Q

Chemoreception

A

Detection of chemical stimuli, perceived as smell and taste

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35
Q
A

Choroid

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36
Q
A

Choroid

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37
Q
A

Choroid

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38
Q
A

Ciliary body

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39
Q
A

Cochlea

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40
Q
A

Cochlea

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41
Q

Color deficiency (aka color blindness)

A
  • Decreased ability to perceive some colors in ambient light
  • In the retina, the color receptors are 3 cones that detect red, blue, & green light
  • The most common type causes difficulty in distinguishing yellow, red, and green from each other; known as red-green color blindness
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42
Q
A

Cornea

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43
Q
A

Corpus callosum

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44
Q

Cranial nerves

  • Motor
  • Sensory
  • Mixed
A
  • Motor
    • III (Oculomotor)
    • IV (Trochlear)
    • VI (Abducens)
    • XI (Accessory)
    • XII (Hypoglossal)
  • Sensory
    • I (Olfactory)
    • II (Optic)
    • VIII (Vestibulocochlear)
  • Mixed
    • V (Trigeminal)
    • VII (Facial)
    • IX (Glossopharyngeal)
    • X (Vagus)
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45
Q
A
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46
Q
A

Deltoid (anterior)

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47
Q
A

Diencephalon

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48
Q
A
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49
Q

Electromyography (EMG)

A
  • Records the voltage produced by skeletal muscle contraction and active motor units in a muscle
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50
Q
A

Extensor carpi radialis brevis (posterior)

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51
Q
A

Extensor carpi radialis longus (posterior)

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52
Q
A

Extensor carpi ulnaris (posterior)

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53
Q
A

Extensor digiti minimi (posterior)

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54
Q
A

Extensor digitorum (posterior)

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55
Q
A

Extensor indicis (posterior)

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56
Q
A

Extensor pollicis brevis (posterior)

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57
Q
A

Extensor pollicis longus (posterior)

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58
Q
A

Extensors

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59
Q
A

External abdominal oblique

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60
Q
A

External abdominal oblique

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61
Q
A

External auditory meatus

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62
Q
A

External auditory meatus

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63
Q
A

External intercostals

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64
Q
A

External intercostals (anterior)

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65
Q
A

Extrinsic eye muscles

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66
Q
A

Extrinsic eye muscles

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67
Q

VII

  • Nerve name
  • Nerve type(s)
  • Function(s)
A
  • Facial n.
  • Mixed
    • Motor
      • Facial expression, lacrimation, mucous secretion, salivation, taste
      • Facial muscles
        • Secretion from salivary, tear, nasal, & palatine glands
    • Sensory
      • Taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue
      • Hearing, general sensation in inner ear
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68
Q
A

Flexor carpi radialis (anterior)

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69
Q
A

Flexor digitorum profundus (anterior)

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70
Q
A

Flexor digitorum superficialis (anterior)

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71
Q
A

Flexor pollicis longus (anterior)

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72
Q
A

Flexors

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73
Q

Muscle fatigue

A

Force decreases over time as the number of motor units decreases

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74
Q
A

Fourth ventricle

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75
Q

Frequency

A
  • Pitch
  • Measured in hertz
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76
Q
A

Frontal lobe

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77
Q
A

Gastrocnemius

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78
Q
A

Gastrocnemius

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79
Q

General senses

A
  • Receptors dispersed throughout the skin, organs, muscles, and joints
  • Some include:
    • Pain
    • Pressure
    • Stretch
    • Temperature
    • Touch
    • Vibration
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80
Q
A

Glenohumeral joint

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81
Q

IX

  • Nerve name
  • Nerve type(s)
  • Function(s)
A
  • Glossopharyngeal n.
  • Mixed
    • Motor
      • Salivation
      • Swallowing
      • Taste
    • Sensory
      • Sensations from posterior 1/3 of tongue
      • Reflexes of BP & respiration
      • Inner ear, upper pharynx
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82
Q
A

Gluteus maximus

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83
Q
A

Gluteus maximus

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84
Q
A

Gluteus medius

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85
Q
A

Gluteus medius

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86
Q
A

Gracilis

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87
Q
A

Gracilis

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88
Q

Gustation

A

Sense of taste

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89
Q
A

Gyrus

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90
Q
A
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91
Q
A

Humeroulnar joint

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92
Q

XII

  • Nerve name
  • Nerve type(s)
  • Function(s)
A
  • Hypoglossal n.
  • Motor
    • Tongue movements for speech, food manipulation, & swallowing
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93
Q
A

Incus

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94
Q
A

Incus

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95
Q

Intensity

A

Loudness, decibels

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96
Q
A

Internal abdominal oblique

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97
Q
A

Internal abdominal oblique

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98
Q
A

Internal intercostals

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99
Q
A

Internal intercostals (anterior)

100
Q
101
Q
102
Q
A

Latissimus dorsi

103
Q
A

Latissimus dorsi

104
Q
105
Q
106
Q
A

Linea alba

107
Q
A

Linea alba

108
Q
A

Longitudinal fissure

111
Q

Macula

A
  • Area of sharpest vision (greatest visual acuity)
  • Critical to central vision
  • Largest concentration of cones
112
Q
113
Q
A

Masseter (lateral)

114
Q
A

Medulla oblongata

115
Q

Meninges

A
  • Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
  • Layers
    • Pia mater: innermost layer
    • Arachnoid mater: middle layer
    • Dura mater: outermost layer
116
Q

Monosynaptic reflex

  • Description
  • Examples
A
  • When the afferent (sensory) neuron sends its signal directly to an efferent (motor) neuron. There is no interneuron present in the arc
  • Examples:
    • Biceps brachii reflex
    • Triceps brachii reflex
    • Patellar reflex
    • Calcaneal reflex
    • Plantar reflex
117
Q

Motor unit

A
  • Made up of a motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibers innervated by that motor neuron’s axonal terminals
118
Q

Motor unit recruitment

A

The addition of motor units to increase the overall contraction strength of a muscle.

120
Q

Near point of vision

A

Closest point on which the eye can focus

122
Q

Nervous system cells

A
  • Neurons (nerve cells)
  • Neuroglia (supporting cells)
123
Q

Nervous system components

A
  1. Central nervous system (CNS) composed of the brain and spinal cord
  2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) composed of the cranial and spinal nerves
124
Q
A

Occipital lobe

125
Q

III

  • Nerve name
  • Nerve type(s)
  • Function(s)
A
  • Oculomotor n.
  • Motor
    • Turn the eyeball up, down, and medially
    • Iris, lens, and upper eyelid
    • Pupillary constriction, lens accommodation
    • Sense body position
126
Q

Olfactory adaptation

A

Temporary inability to distinguish a particular odor after a prolonged exposure to that odor

127
Q
A

Olfactory bulb

128
Q

I

  • Nerve name
  • Nerve type(s)
  • Function(s)
A
  • Olfactory n.
  • Sensory
    • Sense of smell
129
Q
A

Optic chiasm

130
Q

II

  • Nerve name
  • Nerve type(s)
  • Function(s)
A
  • Optic n.
  • Sensory
    • Vision
131
Q
A

Optic nerve

132
Q
A

Optic nerve

133
Q
A

Optic nerve

134
Q
A

Optic nerve

135
Q
A

Orbicularis oculi

136
Q
A

Orbicularis oculi (anterior)

137
Q
A

Orbicularis oris

138
Q
A

Orbicularis oris (anterior)

139
Q
A

Parietal lobe

140
Q

Patellar reflex (knee jerk)

A
  • Used to evaluate the function of the L2, L3, and L4 levels of the spinal cord
141
Q
A

Pectoralis major

142
Q
A

Pectoralis major (anterior)

143
Q
A

Pectoralis minor

144
Q
A

Pectoralis minor (anterior)

145
Q

Peripheral vision

A

Ability to see objects as they come into the outer edges of the visual field

146
Q
A

Pineal body

147
Q
148
Q
A

Pinna / Auricle

149
Q
A

Piriformis

150
Q
A

Piriformis

151
Q
A

pituitary gland

152
Q

Plantar reflex

A
  • Evaluates the function of the S1 and S2 levels of the spinal cord.
153
Q
A

Platysma (anterior)

154
Q

Polysynaptic reflex

A
  • When there is an interneuron present in the reflex arc
155
Q
156
Q
157
Q
158
Q

Reading an EMG

159
Q
A

Rectus abdominis

160
Q
A

Rectus abdominis

161
Q
A

Rectus femoris

162
Q
A

Rectus femoris

163
Q

Reflex arc components

A
  1. Receptor: detects the stimulus
  2. Sensory neuron: carries the signal from the periphery to the CNS
  3. Interneuron: relays the signal within the CNS
  4. Motor neuron: carries a signal from the CNS
  5. Effector: responds to the motor neuron signal
164
Q

Reflex classifications

A
  • Somatic
  • Autonomic
165
Q

Reflex hammer

A
  1. Broad flat side: normally used to tap on tendons or ligaments directly. We use this side for patellar, calcaneal, and triceps reflex tests.
  2. Pointed side: used to touch a finger that is placed over a structure of the body. In this simulation, you will place your thumb on the biceps tendon and strike with the pointed side to test the biceps brachii reflex
  3. Tapered metallic tip: used to touch and move over areas of skin. We use it to trigger the plantar reflex
166
Q

Reflexes

  • How are they triggered?
  • Describe speed and control
  • Components
A
  • Triggered by a stimulus and result in a predictable response
  • Fast and involuntary, which means we are not aware and not in control
  • Components
    • Receptor: detects the stimulus
    • Afferent (sensory) neuron: conducts the signal from the receptor to the spinal cord
    • Interneuron: receives the signal (if a polysynaptic reflex)
    • Efferent (motor) neuron: receives a signal and carries it to the effector
    • Effector: executes the response of the reflex
167
Q
168
Q
169
Q
170
Q
171
Q
A

Scalene (anterior)

172
Q
A

Sciatic nerve

173
Q
174
Q
175
Q
176
Q
A

Semicircular canals

177
Q
A

Semicircular canals

178
Q
A

Semicircular canals

179
Q
A

Semimembranosus

180
Q
A

Semimembranosus

181
Q
A

Semitendinosus

182
Q
A

Semitendinosus

183
Q
A

Serratus anterior

184
Q
A

Serratus anterior

185
Q
A

Skeletal muscle

186
Q
A

Skeletal muscle

187
Q
A

Smooth muscle

188
Q
189
Q
190
Q

Somatic reflex pathways

  • Description
  • Example
A
  • Reflexes in the skeletal muscles
  • Individual is typically aware or conscious that the reflex action is occurring
  • Example: knee jerk reflex
191
Q

Special senses

A
  • Concentrated in the head, and each type is associated with a sensory organ
  • They include:
    • Vision
    • Hearing
    • Smell
    • Balance
    • Taste
193
Q
194
Q
195
Q

Stereoscopic vision

A
  • Combination of two retinal images giving a three-dimensional perceptual view
196
Q
A

Sternocleidomastoid

197
Q
A

Sternocleidomastoid (anterior)

198
Q

Stretch reflexes

A
  • Not learned; pre-programmed
  • They do not change but can be overridden by the central nervous system
199
Q
200
Q
A

Temporal lobe

201
Q
A

Temporalis

202
Q
A

Temporalis (lateral)

203
Q
A

Tensor fasciae latae

204
Q
A

Tensor fasciae latae

205
Q
A

Third ventricle

206
Q
A

Tibialis anterior

207
Q
A

Tibialis anterior

208
Q
A

Tibiofemoral joint

209
Q
A

Tibiofibulotalar joint

210
Q

Time to fatigue

A
  • The amount of time it takes for a muscle contraction to decrease to 50% maximum strength
211
Q

Time to fatigue

A
  • 48 kg (force) / 2 (time to reach 50%) = 24
  • 24 kg reached at 60 seconds
212
Q
A

Transverse abdominis

213
Q
A

Transverse abdominis

214
Q
215
Q
216
Q
A

Triceps brachii

217
Q
A

Triceps brachii (posterior)

218
Q

Triceps reflex

A
  • Used to evaluate the C7 and C8 spinal nerves
219
Q

V

  • Nerve name
  • Nerve type(s)
  • Function(s)
A
  • Trigeminal n.
  • Mixed
    • Face pain
    • Chewing, tenses tympanic membrane and soft palate, general sensation in scalp, face, tongue, teeth
    • 3 divisions
      • Opthalmic
      • Maxillary
      • Mandibular
220
Q

IV

  • Nerve name
  • Nerve type(s)
  • Function(s)
A
  • Trochlear n.
  • Motor
    • Eye movement (superior oblique muscle)
    • Sense body position
221
Q
A

Tympanic membrane

222
Q
A

Tympanic membrane

225
Q

X

  • Nerve name
  • Nerve type(s)
  • Function(s)
A
  • Vagus n.
  • Mixed
    • Motor
      • Swallowing & gag reflexes
      • Gland secretion
      • Peristalsis
      • Speech
      • Taste
      • Slows heart rate
    • Sensory
      • Taste buds & epiglottis
      • General sensation in outer ear
      • Thoracic and abdominal sensation
226
Q
A

Vastus intermedius

227
Q
A

Vastus lateralis

228
Q
A

Vastus lateralis

229
Q
A

Vastus medialis

230
Q
A

Vastus medius

232
Q

VIII

  • Nerve name
  • Nerve type(s)
  • Function(s)
A
  • Vestibulocochlear n.
  • Sensory
    • Hearing (cochlear)
    • Equilibrium (vestibular)
233
Q

Visual acuity

A

Distinguish between two closely spaced objects

234
Q
A

Vitreous humor

235
Q
A

Vitreous humor

236
Q

What does EMG stand for?

A

Electromyography

237
Q

What does EMG study?

A

Electrical activity in skeletal muscles

238
Q

What happens when a skeletal muscle contracts?

A
  • The chemical environment inside the muscle fibers begins to become less favorable for contraction
  • This leads to a weakening of the muscle contraction called muscle fatigue. The exact mechanism of the phenomenon is not known
239
Q

Which part of the reflex hammer will you use to test the triceps reflex?

A
  • The broad rubber side
  • It is used when striking a tendon or ligament directly
240
Q

Which part of the reflex hammer will you use to test the patellar reflex?

A
  • The broad rubber side
241
Q

Which part of the reflex hammer will you use to test the calcaneal reflex?

A
  • The broad rubber side
242
Q

Which part of the reflex hammer will you use to test the biceps reflex?

A
  • Use the pointed rubber side to strike the thumb while it touches the biceps tendon
243
Q

Which part of the reflex hammer will you use to test the plantar reflex?

A
  • The metallic tip
244
Q

Why are reflex responses useful for clinical evaluations of nerve function?

A

Failure of a reflex response may indicate damage along the neural pathway, typically in the tracts of the spinal cord or in the peripheral nerves.

245
Q

Why would decreased availability of ACh lead to muscle fatigue?

A
  • The nervous system requires Acetylcholine (ACh) to allow muscles to work
  • Insufficient ACh levels result in muscle weakness that worsen with exertion
  • The muscles may work for a while, then exhaust their supply of ACh, leading to fatigue
  • This is because there is a break in the chain of events in muscular contraction

BIO 150 A&P I (25 decks)

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